Essay about History of Psychology - 1417 Words

Explain the reasons for the development of psychology as an academic discipline in the 19th and 20th centuries, making explicit the important turning points and breakthroughs. In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology, But the first Psychological foundations are rooted in philosophy, which to this day propels psychological inquiry in areas such as language acquisition, consciousness, and even vision among many others. While the great philosophical distinction between mind and body in western thought can be traced to the Greeks, it is to†¦show more content†¦Founded by John B Watson in 1915 the behaviourist approach studies observed behavioural responses of humans and animals. The behaviourist approach believes we learn to behave in response to our environment, either by stimulus-response association, or as a result of reinforcement. Behaviourists focus on the influence of the environment, they chose not to be concerned with the internal mechanisms that occur inside the organism, they believe that your behaviour depends on what factors are present in the environment at any given time. Another big contributor to this approach is Ivan Pavlov who was made famous for conditioning in which he used dogs in an experiment. The behaviourist approach has been a dominant influence in psychology, it represents one of the ‘hardcore approaches, which has contributed a great deal to our understanding of psychological functioning (Malim Birch, 1998) a common criticism of this approach is that it does not address the possible role of biological factors in human behaviour. And also that it leaves no room for the free will of an individual. In the wake of psychoanalysis and behaviourism, humanistic psychology emerges as the third force in psychology led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. This approach came about just before the cognitiveShow MoreRelatedHistory of Psychology753 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Psychology History of Psychology Paper Shirley L Nieves October 21, 2013 PSY/310 Prof. Kelle Daniels The roots of psychology date back to Egypt and the Egyptian mystery system. Psychology has evolved from philosophy, medicine, theology, and science. Psychology evolved out of coalescence of natural science, and also the branch of philosophy which is known as epistemology, which is also known in the theory of knowledgeRead MoreHistory of Psychology852 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Psychology? Psychology is said to be the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The study of human behavior, development, and learning; and also seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Today the question we are doing falls under the History of Psychology. It deals with the earlier schools (Structuralism and Functionalism) and compares them with the most recent schools of psychology (Gestalt psychology, Psychoanalysis and CognitiveRead MoreThe History of Psychology2719 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: The History of Psychology Philosophical Background Psychology has no definite, absolute beginning, but there is speculation that early humans were curious about human nature. Serious study of the human psyche began in ancient times, with ancient philosophers began to record their findings and thoughts about behavior and the nature of the human mind. The name ‘psychology is from the two Greek roots, psyche and logos, which mean mind and study, respectively. Psychological thoughtRead MoreHistory of Modern Psychology836 Words   |  4 PagesA History of Modern Psychology Franklyn Rivas UOPX History and Systems in Psychology 310 Lillian Fillpot May 03, 2011 A History of Modern Psychology Before psychology officially became a science, many great intellectuals of previous centuries had contributed to the philosophy behind psychology. This philosophy can be trace back to the times of the Greeks, middle ages, and the renaissance period. However, the link between philosophy and modern psychology became possible in the late 18thRead MoreEssay on The History of Psychology1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Psychology In order to discuss Psychologys history, it is important to understand that psychology still does not have one unifying approach unlike the natural sciences; even the definition of Psychology and what it truly means is still undecided. However I shall attempt to review chronologically its philosophical origins, include how the science of Physics and Biology were placedRead MoreHistory of Psychology Paper1294 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Psychology Paper Jessica PSY/310 May 3, 2010 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paperRead MoreHistory of Cognitive Psychology1666 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract An analysis of the history of cognitive psychology. Including key ideas, contributors, trends, etc. History of Cognitive Psychology According to G. Miller of Princeton University, cognitive psychology  is an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes. So, â€Å"since the beginning of experimental psychology in the nineteenth century, there had been interest in the study of higher mental processes. But something discontinuous happened in the late 1950s, something soRead MoreHistory And Systems Of Psychology1795 Words   |  8 Pages History and Systems of Psychology is a course requirement offered to Psychology majors and minors. This course is used to provide majors and minors with the foundation and the evolution of the field of psychology. Within this class, many scholars of discussed. Two scholars that stood out to me in this course would be John Watson and Max Wertheimer. These two particular scholars are responsible for two of the most influential and famous schools of thought, behaviorism and Gestalt psychology. TheseRead MoreThe History Of Social Psychology2266 Words   |  10 PagesThe history of social psychology goes far back in time. â€Å"Aristotle believed that humans were naturally sociable, a necessity which allows us to live together.† (McLeod) Plato was also another influencer in social psychology by saying that â€Å"the state controlled by the individual and encouraged social responsibility through social context. (McLeod) Social psychology is the section of psychology that studies i ndividuals in a social environment. It studies how people think and how they feel, and whyRead MoreHistory And Systems Of Psychology3029 Words   |  13 Pages SOUTHWESTERN ASSEMBLIES OF GOD UNIVERSITY History and Systems of Psychology Psy 4113.00 Instructor: Dr. John Savell History and Systems of Psychology School of Thought Research Paper STUDENT DATA: Name Lauren Frost E-mail: laurenbfrost@lionmail.sagu.edu Phone: (318)372-3825 Semester: Fall 2014 Date: October 8, 2014 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is the belief that we are blissfully unaware of circumstances that dictate ones emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic school of thought looks

Conflicting Visions of Freedom in John Stuart Mill’s On...

John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty and John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government are influential literary works while which outlining the theoretical framework of each thinkers optimal state propose two conflicting visions of the very essence of man and his freedom. Locke and Mill have completely different views when it comes to how much freedom man should have in political society because they have obtained different views about man’s potential of inheriting pure or evil behavior. In chapter two labeled as â€Å"Liberty of Thought and Discussion†, Mill includes two separate arguments in his writing. His first argument focuses on the assumption that suppressed opinions could be true for all we know; this argument takes place on pages 16-17.†¦show more content†¦Also, does anyone, including those making the objection(s), believe benefits are independent of truth? The second argument speaks of false statements being silenced, and how it nevertheless affects humanity negatively. Even false opinions have value that is being denied. Confidence is created in the truth by believing what man believes in a strong manner; it is the way that the people believe something. The primary harm involves having no real understanding of a person’s opinion. Man believes that something is true, but they are unable to explain WHY it is true. Opinions such as these are believed upon authority. Then, when man is unable to defend their opinions, they go to the oth er side of the argument and end up embracing a sense of falsehood. In a general sense, truth is exchanged for error. The objection to the second argument inquiries, â€Å"Doesn’t growth of knowledge cause more beliefs to turn into dead dogmas?† One must look very hard in order to distinguish those who believe the Earth to be flat from those who believe that the Earth is round. Once these complicated webs are rid of, social progress is able to occur. As for John Locke, he believes that man should have more freedom in political society than Mill does. In The Second Treatise of Government, Locke defines freedom as the belief that all human beings coexist in a state of perfection to order their

Pete And Dave Criminal Law Essay Example For Students

Pete And Dave Criminal Law Essay Search and Seizure by definition refers to a police practice whereby a person or place is searched and evidence useful in the investigation and prosecution of crime is seized. The Fourth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and constitutionally limit the search and seizure by provisions in the several state constitutions, statutes, and rules of court. Generally, people instinctively understand the rights and concepts and of privacy. Its the freedom to decide which details of your life are private and public. Likewise, we acknowledge that society is served when the police, in appropriate circumstances, are allowed to investigate and confiscate contraband, stolen goods and evidence of a crime. However, the Constitution plays a significant role in our attempts to balance our desires for privacy against the legitimate needs of the police. It is the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures by state or fed eral law officers. Basically, this means that the police may conduct a search of your property according to the conditions: (1) The police can show that it is more likely than not that a crime has occurred and that if they are allowed to search, they will probably find evidence or contraband. This apparent and reliable fact that create a reasonable belief that a crime has been or is being committed is called probable cause. (2) A judge agrees there is probable cause and issues a search warrant, or the police are permitted to search without a warrant because of the particular circumstances involved. In People vs. Bennett, 70 Cal. Rptr. 2d 850 (Cal. 1998), the Supreme Court upheld the seizure of a motel room in which the investigating officer told the manager to put a cuff lock on the outside of the motel room. The defendant, who was arrested for a recent murder had been occupying the room and still had another 18 hours left until checkout time the next morning. The investigating officer ordered the motel manager to bar access to the room in order to prevent one of the defendants relatives from entering the premises and possibly destroy evidence of the murder. The intrusion on the defendants Fourth Amendment interests was minimal here because only the police prohibiting anyone from entering it impaired the defendants rights of possession in the room.However, there are exceptions to the warrant requirement that justify a search and is exempt from the general principle. The first one is Exigent Circumstances. The situations that are classified under the exigent circumstances except ion can be grouped into three categories. An exigency exists if: 1) there is a good chance evidence-either contraband, instrumentalities used in the crime, or the fruits of the crime-is being or will be destroyed or concealed; 2) it is likely a suspect will flee; 3) there is a real danger to people. In Conway vs. Pasadena Humane Society, 52 Cal. Rptr. 2d 777 (Cal. App. 1 Dist. 1996), the court noted that absent consent, exigent circumstances must exist for a warrantless entry into a home, despite probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed or that incriminating evidence may be found inside. The court pointed out that no hard and fast litmus test would be employed to determine when exigent circumstances exist, and the presence or absence of such circumstances is determined on a case-by-case basis. Two primary considerations in making this determination are if there is imminent danger to the police or public safety. However, the underlying offense was minor which was a v iolation of a leash law, therefore, no exigent circumstances were present justifying the warrantless entry of a home by Humane Society agents to impound the animal. The second exception to the warrant requirement is Destruction or Removal of Evidence. Where police have a reasonable belief that evidence is being or about to be destroyed, a warrantless entry may be permitted under this exception. Where police have an objectively reasonable fear that evidence is being or about to be destroyed and a reasonable belief that there are people within the home presently capable of destroying or hiding the evidence, and the officers fear is of an immediate or imminent destruction, the requirements of the exception are met. For example, In People vs. Ortiz, an officer was walking down a hallway in a motel, on his way to investigate reports of drug sales totally unrelated to the defendant, when he happened to look through an open door and see defendant and his female companion counting out packages of heroin and placing them on the table. Officer was at most six feet away from the pair, and as he could see them, they could certainly see him. The court noted that it is common knowledge that those in possession of narcotics will try to destroy them when seen by law enforcement. In addition, court discovered that the drug trafficking would have continued long before the officer could have obtained a search warrant, and the two may have been armed. Therefore, the officers warrantless entry to seize the narcotics was justified and valid. Although the fact that the grounds for arrest involve narcotics, if there is no indication of drugs being hidden or destroyed, it will not justify the arresting officer conducting a warrantless search of the arrestees home for narcotics. However, if the police are able to view contraband or evidence on your property without actually entering it, they have not conducted a search. In other words, you cannot have a reasonable expectation of privacy in an area that can legitimately be seen from outside your property. This means that the police can use what they have seen as the basis for getting a warrant to co me in and take a closer look. The situation would have to call for prompt action Furthermore, Law enforcement officers are allowed to take aerial photographs or come close enough to overhear your conversations-these actions are not considered searches. On the other hand, without a warrant or an exception to the rule requiring a warrant, officers are probably not allowed to use sophisticated equipment to discover what is on your property or to eavesdrop on your conversations. In general, if the investigation method is highly artificial and high-tech, its likely to be considered a search. Where the line is drawn, however, is not clear or consistent from state to state. The Hobby of Oil Painting EssayTo further examine the thin line as to what constitutes legal or illegal probable cause, the Supreme Court adjudicated Brown vs. Texas and Michigan vs. DeFillippo. In Brown vs. Texas, two police officers arrested a man who refused to identify himself and explain what he was doing in an alley. The premise for the arrest was a Texas statute that makes refusal of identity and addresses a criminal act. However, the person must be lawfully stopped. The officers claimed that the man had been approaching another bystander but upon observing the police, he walked away in the opposite direction. Chief Burger stated, Absent any basis for suspecting appellant of misconduct, the balance between the public interest in crime prevention and appellants right to personal security and privacy tilts in favor of freedom from police interference. So, the conviction was overturned. Another case similar is Michigan vs. Defillippo. Detroit police stumbled upon a man and woma n in an alley. The woman was in process of lowering her pants. Officers requested identity from the man, which was adamantly refused. The police then conducted a patdown search, which produced the discovery of narcotics. In this instance the conviction was upheld because here the arresting officer had probable cause to believe the suspects conduct had violated the ordinance. The respondent was also present with a woman describing the circumstance to warrant further investigation under the ordinance. It is by law to identify oneself when asked to do so by a police authority. Moreover, the respondents refusal to identify himself as the ordinance required was a direct violation of the law. In the case involving consent searches misinterpretation of the law is illustrated in United States vs. Whitfield. Whitfields mother refused to sign a written consent form but allowed FBI agents to conduct a search of her sons room. The agents had confirmed that Mrs. Whitfield owned the home, her son was not paying the rent, and his bedroom door was not locked. Accordingly, the agents believed that they had received a legal consent. The Circuit Court of D.C. disagreed, however. This appellate court proclaimed that although the agents truly believed Mrs. Whitfield could give an affirmative consent, the agents had misinterpreted the law in this situation because the mother had no authority to allow a search of her sons room. A case involving searches and seizures unconstitutionally is described in Rawlings vs. Kentucky (448 U.S. 98). In this case, marijuana seeds were in plain view of police officers legally on the premises. The occupants were told that they could leave the house only if they consented to a search. Consent was not given. Police then requested a warrant to search the house and planned on using that warrant to search the occupants. Forty-five minutes passed before the warrant was presented. However, the Supreme Court said that even this delay was unacceptable and detaining the persons until the warrant was issued violated the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments for the occupants. In the Bill of Rights smith stated: The Fourth Amendment provides language about governmental search and/or seizures based upon probable cause. In addition, the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees every citizen the equal protection of laws and that no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The case was in direct violation of these rights of the occupants; therefore the search was deemed unconstitutional. Conclusively, search and seizure is a powerful tool for law enforcement but one that any person would take as a personal insult. I believe Law enforcement personnel must be educated with the legal and illegal procedures of this investigative process for the legislative views this intrusive method seriously. Search and seizure seems to be of a complex method of incriminating an individual that gives the law enforcement agencies more emphasis on the legal and correct way to execute this particular technique. Evaluating from the cases I have studied the evidence and facts are objective enough to label some of these law enforcement officers as incompetent and a negative reflection of the agency. My greatest concern for the authorities is to suppress their actions if they do not fully understand the concept and interpretation of the law. Bibliography:

Public Bank Leadership free essay sample

The Leadership Style/ Approach of a Successful Organisational Leader in Malaysia PUBLIC BANK BERHAD Introduction (Public Bank Berhad) Established in 1966 by its Founder and Chairman, Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Dr. Teh Hong Piow, Public Bank is a leading provider of financial services in Malaysia with banking operations in Hong Kong and China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Sri Lanka. In Malaysia, Public Bank is one of the most efficient banks as reflected by its low cost to income ratio.Public Bank is a top-tier bank in Malaysia, well-reputed for its prudent management, superior customer service, uncompromising service delivery standards and strong corporate governance and corporate culture. Public Bank remains untouched by the global financial crisis which wrecked havoc in major financial centres around the world. Over the years, the Public Bank Group has been part of the strong catalysts to support Malaysia’s economic development. Since its early days, Public Bank has transformed into a strong and successful financial institution, offering a wide range of competitive and innovative products and solutions to meet its customers’ needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Bank Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Malaysia, Public Bank is an industry leader in home mortgage financing, vehicle hire purchase financing and commercial lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises. Also, in Malaysia, the Public Bank Group has the highest market share for the private sector unit trust business. In Hong Kong, the Group is an industry leader in personal consumer financing.Public Bank is the most recognised brand in the Malaysian financial services industry for its strong brand promise. In terms of size, it is the third largest domestic bank in Malaysia by market capitalisation and balance sheet. The Public Bank Group has over 17,160 staff, with 90% of the staff in Malaysia and the rest in its overseas operations in Hong Kong and China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Sri Lanka. Specifically, in Hong Kong, the Public Bank Group has 30 Public Bank (HK) branches, 42 Public Finance branches and 8 Winton Financial Limited branches. In China, the Group has already opened 3 branches. In Cambodia and Vietnam, the Group has established 15 branches and 7 branches, respectively. In Laos and Sri Lanka, Public Bank has 3 branches and 1 branch, respectively. Similar to the domestic operations, the Group’s key delivery channels such as ATMs and self-service machines in its overseas operations were further expanded for greater customer convenience. Corporate ResponsibilityAs a responsible corporate citizen, the Public Bank Group remains committed to the fulfilment of its corporate social responsibilities. The Group is confident that its corporate social responsibility programmes in key areas such as education, environmental conservation and support to the needy will not only enhance the quality of life of the affected population but also further boost its corporate image, goodwill and brand. The Public Bank Group’s corporate responsibility initiatives to improve the work place and enhance the welfare of the staff will continue to motivate staff to improve their contribution, productivity and efficiency.The Group acknowledges the commitment and willingness of its staff to sustain its strong organic business growth and further improve on the Group’s renowned customer service and delivery standards. Awards and Accolades For its solid and consistent financial performance, prudent management and strong management capabilities, Public Bank continues to be recognised with awards of banking excellence. In 2009, Public Bank was honoured with 54 awards and accolades, including many repeat best bank awards in Malaysia and in the region by international and highly reputable finance and banking publications.Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Dr. Teh Hong Piow, the Founder and Chairman of Public Bank, continues to be honoured for his astute leadership and immense contributions to the Public Bank Group and the banking industry in Malaysia and in the region. Our Commitment Despite its success, the Public Bank Group will never rest on its laurels. In the present challenging economic environment, the Public Bank Group will continue to strive harder and commi t more resources to del iver the best to its stakeholders.