Relationship between pressure and volume Essay

Questions – According to the result of the experiment, the relationship between variables such as volume and pressure was inversely related. However, the graph that showed the relationship between 1/volume and the pressure was directly related. – Gas law was defined by many scientists. However, the relationship between volume and pressure was proved by Boyle who made Boyle’s laws which defined pressure and volume are inversely proportional. If the pressure goes up, the volume will go down and vice versa. However, if we put the volume inversely, then the relationship between pressure and the inversed volume will be changed into directly proportional. – KMT (Kinetic molecular theory) helps to explain macroscopic properties of gases such as pressure, temperature of volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. It says that pressure is due to collisions between molecules moving at different velocities. If the gas is in a container, the collision with the wall is instantaneous and elastic. Therefore, its shape is changeable by pressure or temperature. However, at some point, the volume does not change little when there is no more space between molecules or the collision with wall is stronger than the pressure. As we can see in the result of the experiment, there is bigger difference between weak pressures and smaller difference between strong pressures. At the end there is almost no difference between pressures. The other graph that volume was inversely drawn shows constant increase which is directly proportion. We can also find the shape of graph from the equation. The origin equation of Boyles’ law is P?1/V à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ P=k(1/V) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ PV=k. Conclusion From the experiment, I was able to determine the mathematical relationship between pressure and volume. According to the Boyles’ law, Pressure*Volume has constancy because pressure and volume are inversely related to each other. To find out the pressure, I had to fine out the mass and the area of contact because the pressure has a formula (Mass/Area). According to the formula, the pressure of a book had 251g/cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1440/5.73 = 251g/cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½). Therefore, the pressure will be constantly changed by the number of books. It is not the end of the pressure. I had to add the total pressure on the piston equals the pressure from the books plus the atmospheric pressure. For the volume part, I just had to record the scale of syringe that shown according to the number of books. The more books press the syringe, the less scale of volume was shown. From the Boyles’ law, P?1/V à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ P=k(1/V), PV=k(constant) can be deduced. Form the mathematical calculation based on the Boyles’ law, the volume was exactly decreased, when the pressure was increased. In addition, Pressure*Volume showed the constancy, even if it contained huge uncertainties. Therefore, the conclusion will be same as Boyles’ law that the pressure and the volume are inversely proportional. To make the graph which shows the relationship between pressure and volume more understandable, I supposed the small numbers (50-1000) of pressure that would give much bigger volume by dividing constant from pressure. According to the graph, smaller number of pressure has bigger number of volume, and vice versa. Limitation There were a few limitations in my laboratory. First of all, as you can see in the volume part, there is no volume difference between no book and with a book which means there was not any pressure between these. I think that was because of the supporting thing which was the top of the syringe where we put the books. It seemed that it had reasonable weight as much as a book had. Secondly, there were huge uncertainties between theory and my experiment as we can assume that the experiment is not reliable. For example, the uncertainty of constant of Pressure and Volume, it had 8% of uncertainties so the biggest constancy was 1200 (highest constancy was 46,900 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3750 – the lowest constancy was 45,700 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3660) Moreover, I found that there was not constant pressure due to the unstable syringe, I had to make the balance point so my pressure by hands might influence the results. Improvement Fortunately, my experiment had a few odd points so it was rather successful. However, to improve my experiment, I need to figure it out the mass of the support thing that was on the top of the syringe. Due to the resistance by supporting stuff, there was not any volume difference between no book and a book. For the next time, we may find how much it can support it so we can subtract that weight. There were huge uncertainties that prove the results are not reliable. To reduce the uncertainties, we need to measure more accurately with more significant digits. Also, I can do more trials to make the result more accurately. Besides, we need to find more stable equipment that we do not need to find the balance point and put pressure by hand accidently. In addition, make it sure that the gas which was blocked to be released by piston should not be leaked. Lastly, when any scale is measured, make it sure that all of them are accurate so that the uncertainty will be less which means the exper iment will be more reliable.

On A Portrait Of A Deaf Man Essay

Lines one and three also have more beats in them than lines two and four. (If you want to get a bit more technical, one and three are tetrameters, two and four trimeters! Tetrameters have four stresses, trimeters have three stresses). Sound As a reminder of ballad metre, think of the Christmas carol O Little Town of Bethlehem. Using ballad metre means that the poem lends itself to being read aloud and has harmony, rhyme and rhythm that are quite lyrical. Imagery The language used creates extremes of mood. A pattern develops whereby Betjeman uses positive, warm images to evoke happy memories: The kind old face, the egg-shaped head,The tie, discreetly loud,The loosely fitting shooting clothes And then he brutally undermines all this with an image related to death in the following line: A closely fitting shroud. This also happens in stanzas two, four and seven. In these stanzas the death imagery is even worse, bordering on horror: But now his mouth is wide to letThe London clay come in. maggots in his eyes †¦now his finger-bonesStick through his finger-ends Attitudes Although the narrator speaks warmly about his late father he doesn’t use euphemisms. (A euphemism is something said to avoid an unpleasant or offensive word or phrase.) Usually the subject of death is full of euphemisms such as ‘passed on’ or ‘gone to a better place’. Betjeman is more direct about the nature of death, although this can be upsetting. Themes Loss: Betjeman has to come to terms with the loss of his father. Lack of faith: the poet has no faith in God. Death: Betjeman is open and even brutal in the physical descriptions in this poem of the effects of death. Ideas One central idea, hinted at throughout the poem but then clearly revealed at the end, is that death is definitely the end of life. We do not go to heaven or anywhere else because there is no God. â€Å"I only see decay†. There is, however, the more positive proposal that one should cherish the time we have with the people we love, as Betjeman obviously did with his father. Comparison Casehistory: Alison (head injury) * Both poems deal with a before-and-after scenario. The present Alison is in some ways an entirely different character from the pre-accident version. Betjeman views the past and present versions of his father in very different ways. * Readers will perhaps experience sympathy in both poems. One might feel sorry for the post-accident Alison who has suffered brain damage. One might also feel sympathy with Betjeman because he has lost his father. * Both poems deal with death in one way or another: Betjeman’s father has died (as has his faith in God, if it ever existed); Alison is still alive but the Alison of the past is dead. Question How does Betjeman present the character of his father in On a Portrait of a Deaf Man? Answer Betjeman’s father has died and the poet writes this elegy to pay tribute to him. In doing so, he does two distinct things. Firstly, he creates an image of the living father as a warm, nice man. Secondly, he talks of the present state of his father – dead, buried and decaying. The first image is usual in an elegy, the second certainly is not. Betjeman creates a warm, positive image of his father in the opening lines: The kind old face, the egg-shaped head,The tie, discreetly loud,The loosely fitting shooting clothes The first adjective he uses to describe his father is â€Å"kind†, setting a pleasant tone. He then paints a picture of how his father looked and dressed. The following line is the beginning of the technique Betjeman uses to create a different character, his father as he is now, a corpse: A closely fitting shroud. Betjeman contrasts the cold image of death with warm memories of life and as a result, it has much more impact. This technique of juxtaposition continues throughout the poem and as we get to know and like Betjeman’s living father, we’re exposed to more graphic imagery of death: And when he could not hear me speakHe smiled and looked so wiseThat now I do not like to thinkOf maggots in his eyes.

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 29

Reading Response - Essay Example The documentary shows how movements are using women’s sexuality to advocate for women rights. The documentary relates with other texts, articles and movies that advocate for women rights using women’s sexuality. Arielle Loren article authored in 2011 and titled "is Beyonce the Face of Contemporary Feminism" is a compelling text that raises the urge of the reader to know more about feminism. Loren asserts that, young women, especially those in 20s showcase their different aspects of their womanhood , for example, being sexy without having an identity crisis. From this article, it becomes evident that powerful women could create movements that advocates for gender roles and end of discrimination. I realized that women could use their womanhood to achieve anything in the world. The author means the men would be powerless if the women withdraw certain advantages. One question raised is â€Å"What is the importance of woman’s sexuality in advocating for equal gender rights?† The other question is "When will women start embracing their womanhood and use it to their

Nursing budget Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing budget - Assignment Example This would mean a noninvasive way to get the same results. Noninvasive is ideal for any patient because it means more comfort for the patient while we are conducting our tests. The controllable costs will be the initial costs to purchase a unit. Uncontrollable costs will be in the form of maintenance and this would be based on the usage. If we were to buy a unit that costs $10,000 and finance it at 8% interest over 2 years our payments would only be $452.27 per month. This is more than reasonable. 7. We would need to hire 6 RNs for the regular shifts and an additional part–time RN. This would mean a total of 7 RNs. 8. Median salary for RNs is 75,180. For the full time RNs this would be $451,080. Our part time RN would earn $33.09 per hour and receive up to 30 hours per week for a maximum payroll total of $51,620.40. Total for all would be approximately $502,700.40. 9. You could use 4 full time RNs and 1 part-time RN if the shifts were 12 hours each. 10 – 13. Options for the 6th nurse would include being a floater, training, helping out with phones or other things that need to be done. I would make my 6th nurse a floater meaning that she would constantly go from room to room to make sure that the patients and other nurses have what they need. The floater would be a different nurse each time this happens to make sure that the other nurses also have a chance to perform the same duties. Implementing this decision would allow all of the nurses to learn from one another thereby making sure they are all on the same page. One nurse would not be receiving more or less training than the other but instead they will be training as a group. 14 - 16. A cost containment strategy would be effective staffing and human resource policies. HR software could be used to keep track of employees’ comings and goings. We could use an automated time card system that would track time, holidays, breaks, etc. This would help with containment of overtime, lost hours due to being nonproductive and over or under staffing. Also making sure there is a clear plan for overtime, identifying nonproductive time, and demonstrating a firm understanding of incentives and bonuses (Kirkby, 2003). Overtime is usually the cause of being over budget due to not planning out the staff accordingly. There should always be some contingencies included in any personnel budget to make sure that overtime is at a minimum. Lost hours may not seem as important but if we look at the hours that an employee has spent being nonproductive we realize how much we are losing by paying that employee to do virtually nothing. 17 - 20. The continuous limb movement machines can be postponed as well as the seminar. We were most accurate in predicting supplies and personnel expenses. We were most inaccurate with continuing education, capital expenditures, and travel. Some factors that contributed to this could have been not knowing ahead of time which conferences we wanted to attend as well as deciding too late to buy more equipment. We over budgeted for personnel. This over-budgeting could be used towards some of the other things that we want to do such as purchasing the equipment we need or attending the conference. Our projected ADC was actually too low as well. In next year’s budget we should plan on ADC being slightly higher than 25.8 so that we can adequately budget for all aspects of our department. 21 – 24. According to Schmidt & Altus (Schmidt & Altus, 2010) several factors that are

Factors Contributed to the Increasing Cultural Conservatism in the Essay

Factors Contributed to the Increasing Cultural Conservatism in the Islamic States during the Seventeenth Century - Essay Example The assimilation of some communities to the Islamic empires is the result of the modern Islamic communities which are more diverse and less conservative. This paper gives a critical analysis of the factors which contributed to the increased conservatism in the Islamic empire during the 17th century and its implication on the adoption of scientific and technological advances in the modern Islamic community. The conservativeness of the Muslim empires has been felt during its ascension into the modern day Islamic society. During the seventeenth century there was strong resistance against incorporation of non Islamic ideas into the society. But in the recent past, the Islamic states have become more accommodative to foreign ideas which have been included into the Islamic practices and ways of conducting business1. The earlier resistance of foreign ideas by the Islamic community was due to the need of the leaders to maintain a status quo within the states. There was need for growth and de velopment in the political, economic, social and technological dimension2. Therefore the modern Islamic society has incorporated western ideas, policies and practices so that it would be part of the modern globalization of the economy and the civilization of the world communities. However, it is important to note that the conservative nature of the 17th century within this community and the factors which led to it have implications on the technological and scientific growth within the Islamic states. During the 17th century, the Islamic states wanted to maintain their unique cultural identity. As a result they declined the pressure of the western countries of incorporating new practices within their political, economic and social systems. The leaders within Islamic states during this period refused to accept that they there were things which they would learn from the Europeans. This is because the Islamic states believed that they were a superior group with a rich culture and thus t hey were not obliged to incorporate western ideas into their systems of social life, governance and the economy. It is therefore evidence that the leaders of the Islamic states during the 17th century did not consider that different countries in the world had a strong influence on the growth of the states. The justification of the conservatism of the Islamic states can be attributed to the fact that globalization had not yet been experienced during thus period and thus the Islamic community believed that they were self reliant and they did not need to depend on the assistance of other3. The Islamic states in the 7th century were characterized with decline in the sectors of the economy in addition to reduced scientific innovativeness. What would have been expected of these states is collaboration with other states through alliances in their economic sectors. But this is what would be possible in the modern global and civilized economy. The 17th century perception among the Islamic st ates was that they would only recover from the economic decline which they were experiencing only if they alienated themselves from the western influence. The motivation of the conservatism of the Islamic state was the maintenance of their unique cultural values from foreign ideas which were believed to be the cause of the decline of the Islamic empire. A deeper evaluation of the Islamic conservatism during the 17th c

Leveson Inquiry - Risk management analysis Coursework

Leveson Inquiry - Risk management analysis - Coursework Example The existence of the new entity was to be sanctioned by state, through the creation and ratification new laws. Conversely, the relevance of the DCMS in the recommendations that the Leveson Inquiry made is premised on the very nature, existence and functions of the DCMS. The DCMS is a department of the United Kingdom government, bearing the responsibility for sports and culture in England, and aspects of the media throughout the entire UK, with these aspects being primarily, broadcasting and the Internet. The aspect of a close relationship is seen in the fact that not only did the recommendations by Lord Justice Leveson qualify the future of press regulation, but the same also looked into the relationship between the press and the public, police and politicians, apart from just making a proscription on phone-hacking and other forms of illegal behaviour. This means that DCMS’s jurisdiction is wide enough to include creative industries (and thereby joining DCMS’s operation s with the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills), leisure and tourism. Since sports is also included in DCMS’s sphere of responsibility, the 2012 Olympic Games, the Paralympics Games and the building of the Digital Economy have fallen within this rubric. In respect to the foregoing, it is important to take to stock, the changes that the recommendations the Leveson Inquiry made, in order to determine the new framework that the DCMS will use to discharge its duties. One of the recommendations that the Leveson Inquiry made is that newspapers should continue to be self-regulated and that the government should have no power to determine what newspapers or newspaper outlets publish. Another recommendation that the Leveson Inquiry made is that there should be a new body taking charge over press standards and that this new body should be a creation of the media industry and that the industry in turn should have a new code of conduct. The Leveson Inquiry also made recommenda tion to the effect that the existence and operations of the newly contrived body or entity should be enshrined in the constitution (legislation). Lord Justice Leveson explained this recommendation as being necessitated by the need to have an independent and effective regulation on the newly formed body. The need for this overhaul according to Lord Justice Leveson is that the current system in which the press is voluntarily self-regulated through the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) has proved to be moribund. It is for this reason that the PCC itself readily agreed to enter a transitional phase, to pave way for the long-term replacement. As the Chairman of PCC, Lord Hunt himself conceded to the fact that there was a dire need for a stronger, tougher and more independent regulator with teeth. Lord Hunt had made it clear before the Leveson Inquiry on the willingness among publications for a new body and a fresh start which would ensue from a legally enforceable contract between the ne w body and publishers. In a closely related wavelength, the aspect of independence which the new regulatory body should have is underscored by the Free Speech Network (FSN) as a representation of editors

Forensic Science(Subject) Study of Forensic Collection and Analysis of Research Paper

Forensic Science(Subject) Study of Forensic Collection and Analysis of Crime Scenes - Research Paper Example Physical evidence originates from objects or rather non-living things while biological evidence is obtained from living things (Enotes.com., 2011). Examples of biological evidence include: DNA and blood stains while physical evidence include: tire marks, footprints, paint, building materials, fibers and fingerprints. According to the Locard’s exchange, evidence is usually found at the crime scene simply because the perpetrator must always leave something behind due to contact with objects and even the victim. It should also be noted that the perpetrator is also very likely to take something away from the crime scene that will be found on him. Crime scene investigation takes place at the crime scene while forensic science happens in the laboratory. This paper highlights on the analysis, evaluation and synthesis of a crime scene in relation to an investigation. Jackson and Julie (2004) reveal that this stage takes place at the scene of the crime. The Crime Scene Investigator (CSI) is expected to take his or her time to understand the logistics of the crime. This stage entails the determination of a systematic approach that will be used to find and collect the evidence. The CSI defines the exact extent of the crime scene followed by securing the core area by placing a physical barrier. The barriers could be in the form of a scene tape, police cars, horses and even the police officers. A cone area can be defined as the most obvious area where most of the evidence can easily be traced (Jackson & Julie, 2004). The crime scene might be in a house or the even the entire neighborhood. The first chance to conduct a thorough search at the scene is very important. The next step is to obtain a search warrant from the District attorney. The CSI will be free to make an initial walk through from which he will take notes of details that are likely to change with time. These details include: time, weather, smell, sound,

Financial Markets and Instruments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Markets and Instruments - Assignment Example Under the regulatory instrument, emphasis is on the use f commercial paper by larger corporations or companies who have had the backing of an issuing bank, promising to make settlement for the quotation on the face of the commercial before or on the date specified. Like in most other financial jurisdictions, the issuance of commercial paper is not guaranteed by a collateral and so the need for strict regulations that ensure that such instruments on the money market are used only by corporations that have been rated with excellent credit rating status (Fombrun, 2012). 2. At different times in the economic management of the country, the government of the Kingdom has had the need to generate both long term and short term financing. As far as short term financing is concerned, emphasis has always been on the use of short term financing to take care of short term debt financing. One of the commonest instruments used in this case is overdraft, whereby it transmits cash that are beyond avai lable funds (Greenley and Foxall, 2011). On the long term also, the use of equity investment ranks as the commonest form of financing that the government undertakes. Often, this is done by targeting local industries and buying and holding shares of the stocks of such businesses for projected capital gains and dividend growth. Commonly, equity investment has been selected in cases where investments have been proven to have high information asymmetries and moral hazard (Drumwright and Murphy, 2001). 3. With a global rank of 40, the Macro Economy Meter (2013) rates the total outstanding debt of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as $134 billion. Of this total outstanding debt, the share of public debt has been calculated to be 12.9% of the gross domestic product of the country, coming up to $6.6 billion. According to the CIA World Factbook, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as of 31 December 2012 had a total outstanding external debt of $127.4 billion. By this, it means the government of the Kingdo m owed this amount to public and private entities that were nonresident of the country and thus repayment had to be done in either foreign currency, goods or services (Fombrun, 2005). Because these external debts are paid through foreign currency, they are calculated based on exchange rate base rather than the use of purchasing power parity terms. 4. Since 2001, the annual total value of new borrowing by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has generally been experiencing and upward rise trend. This means that the rate of borrowing done by the government has been increasing consistently by the year. In the graph below, it would be noted that but for the periods from 2003 to 2005, and 2008 to 2009, the annual total value of debt has been increasing, indicating a rise in new borrowing. Source: Marco Economy Meter (2013) Based on readings from the graph, McAlister and Ferrell (2012) have argued that the new borrowing that is done by the Saudi government on a monthly basis is US $1.2 billion, co ming up to an annual total of $14.4 billion. With this value, the debt-to-income ratio of Saudi Arabia has been estimated to be very high, leading to annual per capita income of $25,000. 5. The use of stripped coupons is not illegitimate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia but not a commonly preferred form of debt financing or financial capital generator. This is because in the use of stripped coupons, there are often two stripped parties, one of which receives the principle as zero-coupon bond when the bond is

Financial Performance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Performance - Research Paper Example In this concern, the most common source of information comes from the Financial Statements of the company. Reviewing financial information helps an investor and creditor to recognize company’s strengths and weaknesses that leads to good investment strategies and financial planning. The information found on the financial statements is important to company’s managers, stock and bonds analysts, bank loan officers and to competitors. This study will use ratio analysis as a means to gain insight into the strengths and weakness of Walgreens Company. Three types of ratios will be used by this study to get into the desired information. Data will come from the published financial report of Walgreens and its competitors. First is the trend or time series analysis ratio to evaluate Walgreens performance over time. A cross-section analysis ratios will be done to establish comparison with different companies at same point in time. Last is the industry comparative analysis ratio to c onfirm the company’s ratio against the industry where Walgreens is competing in. 1. Fig. 1.

Mia Hamm Research paper Essay Example for Free

Mia Hamm Research paper Essay At the beginning of the story Alice starts off being pressured into marring a man she doesn’t even love. Her sister tells her to go get married and live just happily ever after like her but her husband is cheating on her. I think Alice’s call was when she kept spotting the white rabbit in the bushes and began to follow him in the middle of getting purposed to. Also after she fell down the hole the rabbit was trying to explain to her who she is and how she’s supposed to be the champion for wonderland. Stage 2: Refusal of Call Alice starts to refuse when she begins telling them that she is not the right Alice their looking for. I didn’t think she would still be refusing even after they showed her the scroll of what happened. I kind of thought she was just saying no because she was afraid of what was ahead of her if she took on the challenge of becoming the champion. Throughout the beginning and middle of the movie she Lyric Perry 9/22/13 World Literature was trying to convince everyone that this was her dream and everything would be ok when she woke up. Stage 4: Crossing the first Threshold I thought during the whole story I think she crossed more than one threshold. The first one was when she fell down the hole and entered wonderland because the trees by the two holes were both twisted and looked very similar. Her coming out of the hole to Wonderland to me was like the crossing in a new unknown land. Another threshold was when she made it up in her mind that she was the hero and started believing in wonderland and the impossible. Stage 5: Belly of the Whale The belly of the whale is when a character is fully enclosed in the new world or adventure. I think she entered the belly of the whale when she began to accept the fact that it wasn’t a dream and wonderland is a real place. I think that Lyric Perry 9/22/13 World Literature the only way she was going to get out and go back to the real world was to complete her quest and slay the jabberwocky. Stage 6: Road of Trials Alice had lots of trials during her journey such as when the dog/polar bear thing started to chase her and cut her arm. At the tea party when the red queen’s knight, soldiers, and bloodhound came looking for Alice I felt it was a trial because if they were to have caught her she wouldn’t have been able to complete her goal. The road of trials is a very important stage because I think they help the character get ready for what they are about to embark on. Stage 11: The Ultimate Boon The ultimate boon to me was when she cut the head off of the jabberwocky. This was really important because the whole fate of wonderland was in her hands. I think the white queen was depending on her the most because she really wanted the crown and for the red queen to stop torturing Wonderland. Stage 15: Crossing the Return Threshold At the end of the story I saw two returning thresholds the first one when she climbed out of the hole and when she started standing up to everyone at the party back home. When she was climbing out of the hole she was crossing back over to the real world and her normal life. She started telling everyone the truth and saying what she really felt even things that sounded impossible. Stage 17: Freedom to Live I thought this happened for Alice at the very end of the movie because that’s when she really decided to live her own life and do what she wanted. Such as she told the man she wasn’t going to marry him she was going to find someone she loves. Alice starts talking to the man about his business and how he should move it china. Her falling down the hole to me was on purpose to get her to really follow her own bliss not everyone else’s.

Malnutrition and Nutrition Programs in Malaysia

Malnutrition and Nutrition Programs in Malaysia Contents (Jump to) CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN MALAYSIA CHAPTER 3: CURRENT MALNUTRITION INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES-The aims, strategy and evaluation 3.1 Breastfeeding program 3.2 Rehabilitation Program for Malnourished Children 3.3 Other Main Nutrition Intervention Programs CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION To compare with the developed countries CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION CHAPTER 7: REFERRENCE CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION Malnutrition in all its forms is defined as all forms of poor nutrition. It relates to imbalances in energy, and specific macro and micronutrients- as well as in dietary patterns. Conventionally, the emphasis has been in relation to inadequacy, but it also applies to excess intake or inappropriate dietary patterns. It is a wide term commonly used as alternative to under-nutrition but technically it also refers over-nutrition. Child malnutrition was associated with 54% of child death (10.8 million children) in developing countries in 2001, although is it rarely the direct cause of death. Undernutrition is the direct result of inadequate dietary intake, the presence of disease, or the interaction of these two factors. The risk of dying from a disease as twice as high for mildly malnourished children, 5 times as high for those moderately malnourished and 8 times greater for children classified as severe malnourished when compared to normal children (UNICEF 1996). Underlying causes for malnutrition are varied. Infections among children, including helminthiasis can contribute to malnutrition, manifested as anaemia, stunting and/or impaired childhood development. Recurrent sickness and diarrhoea among infants who are not breastfed can result in malnutrition and eventually impact their normal growth and development. Tuberculosis among young people and adults is linked to poor nutrition. On the other hand, dietary patterns are shifting from traditional diets to diets in which predominantly processed foods are consumed. These foods are of limited nutritional quality, in many cases rich in saturated fats, sugar and salt. While the burden of undernutrition among children and chronic energy deficiency (CED) in adults continue to be major nutritional concerns in many parts of Asia, the burden of overweight and obesity is becoming increasingly widespread in the region (Khor 2008). Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal and excessive fat accumulation that present a risk of health. They are associated with non-communicable diseases such as stroke, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and certain form of cancer. Apart from that, recent research showed that undernutrition during early life can later lead to overweight or obesity by prompting energy conservation mechanism in the body that can persist into adulthood. Severe nutritional deprivation in fetal and early post-natal period followed by a rapid catch-up growth in early childhood is now known to increase the risk of overweight and obesity (Florentino 2014). WHO (2008) estimates more than 1.4 billion adults, 20 and older, were overweight which over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women were obese. Overall, more than 10% of the world’s adult population was obese. The global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged five to 19 years is 10% (Kipping et al. 2008). It was also reported that worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool children increased from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010 and the prevalence in Asia is 4.9%, with the number of affected children was about 18 million and this trend is expec ted to reach 9.1%, or 60 million, in 2020 (Onis et al. 2010). CHAPTER 2: BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN MALAYSIA From the period before and after several years of independence, Malaysia was an underdeveloped country with high rate of poverty and hunger. Poverty is closely associated with limited access to healthy food and poor access to health care leading to problems such as undernutrition and other related illnesses. Recent National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) IV has revealed that the prevalence of underweight and wasting for children aged below 18 years is 16.1 and 17.8% respectively and it was reported 6.1% children were obese. Study by Poh et al. (2013) among children 6 months to 12 years showed that the prevalence of overweight (9 ·8 %) and obesity (11 ·8 %) was higher than that of thinness (5 ·4 %) and stunting (8 ·4 %). It would appear that the results of the NHMS 2011 indicated a higher prevalence of undernutrition than that of overnutrition, while Poh et al. (2013) reported the opposite was true. It may be due to different cut-off point as NHMS using CDC (2000) while Poh et al. (2013) using WHO growth chart or could be due to the different sampling protocol. We can conclude that Malaysia still shows higher prevalence of undernutrition and at the same time increasing trend of overweight and obesity. Developing countries including Malaysia are in a state of rapid economic transition as a result of generally improving incomes, increasing industrialization, urbanization and globalization. This has given rise to changing lifestyle and diet from one with high level physical of activity and diets based mostly on plant food, to one with higher level of sedentary lifestyle and diet of increasing energy based such as high carbohydrate, high sugar and high in fat. The excess energy from these foods may affect adult and children within the family differently. For instance, young children may easily use up the excess energy and still be underweight while adults may end up gaining weight. These changes in consumption and physical activity lead to rising prevalence of overweight and obesity especially in adults consequently increasing in NCD. The changes in socio-economic developments over the years in Malaysia have brought an improvement in the overall nutritional status of the country. However, pockets of malnutrition still exist, particularly among the rural areas. Therefore, Malaysia now has to face double burden of malnutrition (DBM) as the new trend emerge in. CHAPTER 3: CURRENT MALNUTRITION INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES-The aims, strategy and evaluation The aim of nutrition program is to plan, implement and develop nutrition services to achieve and maintain the nutritional well-being of the population and promote healthy eating practices. The program aims to monitor and evaluate the nutritional status of Malaysian population and assist in nutritional surveillance. It also to plan, implement and evaluate the nutrition health programs, activities and promotion. Nutrition interventions to improve the nutritional well-being of the Malaysian population have been implemented by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with other ministries. The programs and activities that have been carried out include alleviation of macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, nutrition promotion and improving household food security. 3.1 Breastfeeding program Malaysia has outlined a few strategies in order to combat malnutrition in children and adolescents. It starts from birth of the baby by promoting exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of age as according to National Breastfeeding Policy. The aim is to ensure the baby get the benefits and nutrient from breast milk. Study shows that breastfeeding is protective against infections and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and this effect is stronger when breastfeeding is exclusive (Fern R. Hauck 2011). In 1993, the Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia adopted the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). This initiative aims to increase breastfeeding among all women in Malaysia in line with the WHO recommendation of at least six months of exclusive breastfeeding, to empower women to make right choices on feeding their babies and to create conducive conditions in hospital and thereafter for women who wish to breastfeed. In addition, MOH initiated Baby Friendly Clinic project in 2006 targeting health clinics and rural clinics in Malaysia. It aims to encourage mothers to breastfeed their babies exclusively from birth up to the first six months and continue until two years old. Study by Tan (2011) showed the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers with infants aged between one and six months was 43.1% (95% CI: 39.4, 46.8). Prevalence of timely initiation was 63.7% (CI: 61.4 65.9) and the continued prevalence of breastfeeding up to two years was 37.4% (CI: 32.9 42.2) (Fatimah Jr et al. 2010). The findings suggest that the programmes implemented in the last ten years were effective in improving the prevalence of ever breastfeeding, timely initiation of breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding up to two years 3.2 Rehabilitation Program for Malnourished Children The main macronutrient deficiency problem among Malaysian children is protein and energy malnutrition. This is manifested in children of being underweight for their age. Rehabilitation Program for Malnourished Children, better known as â€Å"Food Basket Program† has been started by Ministry of Health in 1989 as an effort government to increase the health and nutritional status among children under 6 years old (Ministry of Health 2009). In these program children that fulfilled the criteria will be given â€Å"food basket† to help them have a balanced and nutritious diet so that they could have optimum physical and mental growth. The children were also given close attention and appropriate treatment on any sickness, health education and proper health care. The criteria for eligibility are children aged between 6 months to 6 years old who are severe underweight (weight-for-age less than -3SD of the median) or moderate underweight (weight-for-age between -2SD and -3SD) and from hardcore poor families (household income less than RM430 or RM110 per capita for Peninsular Malaysia; less than RM540 or RM115 per capita for Sabah and less than RM520 or RM115 per capita for Sarawak). The objectives of the programme are to improve health and nutritional status through food and micronutrient supplementation, to improve health through provision of sanitary facilities and clean water supply and to improve health through providing education on health and nutrition. They are given foods and multivitamin supplement every month until they are recovered, with the minimum period if six months of supplements. The basic food items include rice, wheat flour, anchovies, cooking oil, dry green bean, biscuits and full cream milk. These food supply approximately 102% to 140% of the child’s Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for calorie and 204% to 222% RDA for protein. There were 13 choices of food basket available to qualified children for an estimated price of RM150 for each basket. The number of recipient for this programme has decreased since it began, from 12,690 children in 1989 to 5157 in 2009 (Ministry of Health 2011). In 2010, under the National Key Results Areas (NKRA), this programme was extended to the poor and vulnerable poor family (household income less than RM2000 a month) through the 1Azam Programme. Meanwhile, in 2012, under the Government Transformation Programme, this programme was also extended to the natives in Perak, Pahang and Kelantan through the Community Feeding Programme (PCF) and the provision of food baskets (PEMANDU 2012). 3.3 Other Main Nutrition Intervention Programs Full cream milk powder is distributed through the Maternal and Child Health Clinics to underweight children aged 6 months to 7 years, pregnant women who have not gained adequate weight, and low income lactating mothers with multiple births. One kg of milk powder for each underweight child is given per month for 3 consecutive months, after which each case is reviewed and supplementation is continued if necessary. The School Supplementary Feeding Program (SSFP) of the Ministry of Education provides a free meal to primary schoolchildren from poor families. Each meal is estimated to provide one-quarter to one-third of the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for energy and protein. The main objective of SSFP is to improve the health and nutritional status of children, especially those from the rural areas, through a provision of a wholesome and balanced meal. Other objectives are to improve health and food habits and to prevent the occurrence of malnutrition among school children, to educate children on food selection, to encourage the participation of parents, teachers and public in the welfare of the school and to strengthen health and nutrition programs in schools. The Ministry of Education also provides milk in 200-mL packages to primary schoolchildren. The School Milk Programme (SMP) runs simultaneously with the Supplementary Food Scheme. The programme is targeted for poor students whose family income is below the poverty level. Besides, to ensure students receive a well-balanced diet in school, the programme is also aimed at increasing the quality of health and nutritional value of food for primary students for better physical growth, mental health and general well-being. The SMP also encourages students to consume milk early in their life. In 2010, this programme has been rebranded to 1Malaysia Milk Programme. CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION Many developed and developing countries showing reducing trend of undernutrition but increasing trend of overweight and obesity. However, rising in overweight is not necessarily associated with a fall of underweight or stunting. Developed countries mainly facing overnutrition problems and the focus of nutritional programme is to combat overweight and obesity especially among children as it becoming one of the most significant challenges in public health. However, in most developing countries especially in Malaysia, we can still see higher prevalence of underweight and stunting especially among children but with gradual decreasing trend. With the ongoing socio-economic transition in Malaysia, accompanied by the demographic and health transition and changing food supply and consumption patterns, overweight and obesity especially among adult and adolescent has becoming a public health epidemic. Increasing trend of obesity among adult and with high prevalence of underweight among children gives rise to DBM phenomenon and this phenomenon affects many developing countries. The co-existence of under and overnutrition not only occurred within the country as a whole, but also within households. Study by Ihab et al. (2013) among sample in rural area found that the prevalence of overweight mother/underweight child (OWM/UWC) pairs was 29.6%, whereas the prevalence of normal weight mother/normal weight child (NWM/NWC) pairs was 15.2%. A household with an underweight child and an overweight or obese adult is the typical dual burden household for developing countries undergoing rapid transitions. This phenomenon will be a big challenge especially for food intervention programs to be implemented in the future. Undernutrition affects physical and mental health and performance throughout the lifespan, while overnutrition gives rise to an increasing rate of chronic diseases occurring at earlier and earlier ages. Though known interventions exist for undernutrition and overweight/obesity independently, clear, evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of DBM have not yet emerged. Thus, new and innovative strategies will be required to counter the rise of the DBM in Malaysia. Collaboration across sectors, accompanied by an effective coordination mechanism, should join the efforts of those within and outside the nutrition community to address the DBM. Improving country-level capacity to coordinate nutrition actions is critical. Countries with both child stunting and women’s obesity rarely implement comprehensive interventions, and in 2010 only one quarter of countries with the DBM had coordination mechanisms to address both problems (WHO 2013). Current nutrition interventional programmes should be continued and at the same time there is an urgent need to come out with new strategies to tackle both side of malnutrition. Country need to engage and coordinate new stakeholders, combining multi-sectoral and intersectoral approaches, including engaging private sector to address the complexity of issues related to the reduction of DBM. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION The emergence of DBM is a relatively new phenomenon and is most prevalent in middle income countries including Malaysia. Low income countries and high income countries are less common to have DBM as low income countries tend to have higher prevalence of underweight while high income countries tend to have higher prevalence of overweight. In order to solve the newly emerging nutrition problems in a new context requires continuous and strong effort in health and nutrition promotion. This includes the need to find effective solution for childhood malnutrition with sustainable reduction in stunting, underweight and micronutrients deficiencies, along with measures to identified and control the obesity and overweight problems. CHAPTER 7: REFERRENCES Fatimah Jr, S., S. H. Siti, A. Tahir, I. M. Hussain F. Y. Ahmad 2010. Breastfeeding in Malaysia: Results of the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006. Malaysian journal of nutrition 16(2): 195-206. Fern R. Hauck, J. M. D. T., Kawai o. Tanabe 2011. Breastfeeding and reduced risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: a Meta-analysis Paediatric 128(1): 103-110. Florentino, R. F. 2014. The Double Burden of Malnutrition in Asia: A Phenomenon Not to be Dismissed. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies 26(2): 133. Ihab, A. N., A. Rohana, W. W. Manan, W. W. Suriati, M. S. Zalilah A. Rusli 2013. The coexistence of dual form of malnutrition in a sample of rural Malaysia. International journal of preventive medicine 4(6): 690. Khor, G. L. 2008. Food-based approaches to combat the double burden among the poor: challenge in the Asian context. Asia Pacific Journal 17: 111-115. Kipping, R. R., R. Jago D. A. Lawlor. 2008. Obesity in children. Part 1: Epidemiology, measurement, risk factors, and screening Ed. 337. Ministry of Health 2009. Garis Panduan Program Pemulihan Kanak-kanak Kekurangan Zat Makanan. Ministry of Health 2011. Semakan Separa Penggal Pelan Tindakan Pemakanan Kebangsaan Malaysia 2006 2015. Onis, M. D., M. Blo ¨ssner E. Borghi 2010. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. The Americal Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92(5): 1257-1264. PEMANDU 2012. Raising Living Standards of Low Income Households. Global Transformation Programme 2.0: 154 156. Poh, B. K., B. K. Ng, M. D. Siti Haslinda, S. Nik Shanita, J. E. Wong, S. B. Budin, A. T. Ruzita, L. O. Ng, I. Khouw A. K. Norimah 2013. Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 6 months to 12 years: findings of the Nutrition Survey of Malaysian Children (SEANUTS Malaysia). British Journal of Nutrition 110(S3): S21-S35. Tan, K. L. 2011. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months of age in peninsular malaysia. Int Breastfeed J 6(2): 1-7. WHO. 2013. Global nutrition policy review: what does it take to scale up nutrition action?

Anthropology Today Essay -- Anthropology

Anthropology Today In society today, the discipline of anthropology has made a tremendous shift from the practices it employed years ago. Anthropologists of today have a very different focus from their predecessors, who would focus on relating problems of distant peoples to the Western world. In more modern times, their goal has become much more local, in focusing on human problems and issues within the societies they live. This paper will identify the roles anthropologists today play, such as where they perform the bulk of their work, and what it is they do in both problem solving, as well as policy making. It will also identify the issues they are faced with, that is, the nature of the problems they address. Ethics have always been an important part of anthropology, and this paper will also deal with the ethical goals of today's anthropologists and some of the ethical problems they are faced with. The information of this paper was obtained entirely from the internet. It was designed as an internet project structured to both teach and familiarize research through the World Wide Web. Any data in this paper was derived through information posted publicly on internet sites available to any member of the public with an internet connection. As a result of the narrow area of research, the information provided both to the author and the reader is limited. While it is true that the internet is a source of boundless information, the sheer amount of it all makes reading all of it impossible. Also, the total lack of journal reports, or texts, means that while the information provided may not be minimal, it is nonetheless limited. When people think of an anthropologist, the image of the jungle traveling character comes to mind. A white man sitting in a hut on some primitive island, taking notes on the local tribes s/he is living with. Decades ago, this was actually the case. However, as time progresses, so does the role of the anthropologist in today's society. Very rarely now does anthropology actually involve extensive fieldwork in an exotic location. Today, an M.A. or a Ph.D. in the field of anthropology means that a job locally may be available to you. There is always the academic side of things, such as becoming a professor of the discipline, but this paper will focus more on the non-academic roles of the anthropo... ...y have come full- circle; no longer do they study the foreign, but now study the local. Their positions in society are almost too many to mention, but the severe increase in the business world must be mentioned. It can be said that the discipline of anthropology covers a wide variety of tasks as well as overlapping with other fields of the social sciences, but that statement becomes more true with each passing year. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. AAA 2000 "Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association", http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ethcode.htm 2. Anonymous 2000 "Society for Applied Anthropology", http://www.sfaa.net/sfaajobs.html, Oct. 18, 2000 3. Anonymous 2000 "A guide for field projects on adaptive strategies", http://iisd1.iisd.ca/casl/CASLGuide/ParticipantObserver.htm, Jan. 17, 2000 4. Cassell, Joan and Sue-Ellen Jacobs "American Anthropological Associasion Handbook on Ethical Issues in Anthropology", http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/toc.htm 5. High Top Media 2000 "Anthropology Links", http://hightopmedia.com/HTMANTHlinks.htm, Apr. 2000 6. SfAA 2000 "Society for Applied Anthropology", http://www.sfaa.net/, Sept. 29, 2000

Comparing a McDonalds Advertisement and a Walkers Advertisement Essays

Comparing a McDonalds Advertisement and a Walkers Advertisement Both advertisements are popular food products. McDonalds are very famous all over the world; the company is based in America and started off there. Walker's crisps are a British company. When you hear the name Walkers, you often think of walkers crisps. Both of these companies sell there products to a range of people. Younger people generally purchase more of these products than older people. In the McDonald advert, they are trying to tell the audience that their restaurant isn't just for teenagers, but for all ages. They have shown this through the characters in the advert. They also are trying to promote that McDonalds is a class less place where you can go to eat, they show this by using different people with different colours of skin and showing costumes of builders, school kids, actors and etc. the people also do not speak to one another. The only signal to each other is when the man and woman look at each other and nod as if they are approving of the food they have been served. The people look happy and are moving briskly away to the sound track. The clothes that people where show the occupation that they are involved in. The Walkers advertisement however is a lot more relaxed and humorous. The first scene starts off with a group of children. The scene is also set in the past, maybe the early 1950's, you can tell this because the road is full of cobble stones, the clothes and hair styles are old fashioned, also the picture of the overall picture and the buildings in the background have all been made duller. The story seems to be that a little boy has been bull... ...re they could have fitted that in. I also think that they will be successful in promoting that anyone can go to McDonalds because business people who are in a rush may need something quick to eat and relate quick to McDonalds. However there is a down side that McDonalds is unhealthy and that may go against them. The Walkers advertisers in my opinion should have made their advert relate and apply to a much wider age range. They had a good idea about using Gary Liniker because football fans might want to eat what Gary's eating so they buy those crisps. I think the ad won't be as successful as the McDonalds ad but still promote walkers a bit. Out the two advertisements I feel that the McDonalds ad will be the most successful because the product price has been reduced and they are appealing over a wider audience range.

Direct Marketing and Avon Beauty Products Essay -- GCSE Business Marke

Direct marketing The definition of DM is very complicated but it is simply selling a product or service via direct advertising sent through the mail, and also via several Internet promotion methods. The direct selling method enables the consumers to bypass inefficient wholesale and retail distribution systems. Women who left business in order to have children is able to do part time business, and also a very attractive career for woman reentering the work force. According to the â€Å"Direct selling Assosiation†, 1,230,000 women engaged in direct selling in 19924. The direct marketing allows building and maintaining a direct, one-to-one method relationship between a company and its customer, and users of its products or services. In the Avon case the â€Å"Avon girls† represent the company and creates a very good bond, connecting the seller and buyer together in a very trustful relationship. It is very easy for the seller to persuade the buyer into buying a product, because of the usually relationship that exists between the two parts. In cases where no relationship exists, the vendor can also be able to talk the potential shopper into buying Avon products. Reason for their tremendous success is; high-quality, value oriented products, good relations with the distributors, fulfillment of dreams, and financial freedom. DM produces a measurable response. Its methods make it easy for the consumers to identify themselves when committing an action that was desired by marketer....

Elephant

Elephant was a movie based on an average high school In the last ten years, showing the experiences, different emotions and actions students have. While this movie In the end focuses on two boys, we see many different students throughout the movie and their part In high school. Even though this Is to be based on an average high school, I believe at times they showed an unrealistic portrayal on students and teachers with some of their actions in this movie.Not far into the movie they show a cone of girls in gym class, all wearing shorts outside except one, Michelle. Which is nothing wrong with that, but what happens is the teachers makes a comment on her wearing sweats, telling her she needs to Join the rest of the girls, by wearing shorts. Otherwise, by her not following these instructions, it would lead to a drop in her marks. Michelle to me seems like an insecure girl, not wanting to show her body off.And no school I feel would make girls who are insecure about their body have to f eel uncomfortable by wearing shorts, Just because every other girl in class was confident and wears shorts. I also found this movie made students look stupid, making them so oblivious to what was happening around them. As the two boys enter the school, stalking around the halls with those massive guns In their hands, you see not one student scream or even notice what was happening.Especially in the library which was full of kids, one of the boys marched right in, gun in the air, and it takes for him o actually shoot it after awhile for anyone to scream or run. Not to mention how as the shooting starts, students weren't even running out of the school. In so many of the scenes when you see students running away they completely ignore the doors as if they weren't even there. They Just run past or go up the stairs. No student would actually choose to run up a couple flights of stairs then to just run outside, getting away from this tragedy.

Cultural Difference between Ancient Egypt and Ancient China Essay

The Cultural Development of ancient Egyptians and ancient Chinese civilizations were fairly similar but were different on certain ideas. From the way historians looked at the number of gods/goddesses each civilization worshipped, to the inventions and tools the craftsman made to make life less difficult shows the similarity of the two civilization. Both couture’s buried their dead with items of value, practiced ancestor worship, had elaborate systems of Bureaucratic systems of administration and, had rudimentary concepts of Mathematics and Medicine. Ancient Chinese religion based upon Confucianism. Both Taoism and Confucianism began at about the same time, around the sixth century B. C. E. China’s third great religion, Bu. The religion of Ancient Egypt was a polytheistic (many gods) religion with one short period of monotheism (one god). Their religion hosted about 700 different gods and goddesses. Despite the similar concepts of the 2 civilization ancient Chinese: In Egypt, people were buried with thought to preservation, as they believed that the dead would be able to use their bodies in the afterlife. Chinese burial style depended on the province as well as the main religion of the person. But both civilizations were polytheistic (belief in many gods). Ancient Egypt belief system relied heavily on the tales of the many deities that they worshiped. In Ancient Egypt, it was believed that, when a Pharaoh passed away, he was met with many tests. If successful, the Pharaoh would ascend and become the sun god, Ra. However ancient Chinese belief system relied on three major religions: Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism. Taoism was founded during the Zhou Dynasty in the 6th century by Lao-Tzu. The idea of Yin and Yang comes from Taoism. They believed that everything in nature has two balancing forces called Yin and Yang. Confucianism was born in 551 BC. Confucius was a philosopher and thinker. Confucius’ teachings focus on treating others with respect, politeness, and fairness. He thought that honor and morality were important qualities, family was important, and honoring one’s relatives was required. Buddhism was based on the teachings of Buddha. Buddha was born in Nepal, just south of China, in 563 BC. Buddhists believe in a â€Å"rebirth† of the self, and the concept named Karma (all actions have consequences). What makes these two civilizations similar, Egypt and China had similar governments in which they were both monarchies. Both ancient Chinese and ancient Egypt made tools and technology to improve their lives, and make everyday tasks easier. Also both civilizations also required an irrigation system to help regulate and utilize the nearby rivers’ sources. However, this is where the similarities of technology end. Egyptians focused primarily on the afterlife. They built grand pyramids as burial sites and afterlife protection for Pharaohs and important nobles. The Chinese spent their efforts building roads for easier trade and canals for efficient, improved farming. Ancient Egypt and ancient Chinese used paper. China and Egypt are also similar in the fact that they all took use of bronze metallurgy. But although they both used bronze, China was better adapted to it and benefitted more from it. Egypt was slow to develop the use of bronze, and the high cost didn’t allow them to use it much. Ancient Chinese made paper (Papyrus- a tall plant that is like grass and that grows in marshes especially in China). Ancient Egypt are known for their pyramids. The size, design, and structure of the pyramids reveal the skill of these ancient builders. The pyramids were great monuments and tombs for the kings. The Egyptians believed that a king’s soul continued to guide affairs of the kingdom even after his death. To ensure that they would continue to enjoy the blessings of the gods, they preserved the pharaoh’s body through the mummification process. They built the pyramids to protect the pharaoh’s body; the pyramid was a symbol of hope, because it would ensure the pharaoh’s union with the gods. Ancient Chinese rich people had fancier houses, and people also built fancy temples and palaces. All ancient Chinese architecture was built according to strict rules of design that made Chinese buildings follow the ideas of Taoism or other Chinese philosophies. The design idea was that buildings should be long and low rather than tall – they and symmetry: both sides of the building should be the same, balanced, just as Taoism emphasized balance. Both Ancient Egypt and Ancient Egypt were both river civilizations that faced the challenge of flooding of their nearby rivers, which made irrigation systems and tracking floods important. While researching ancient Chinese and ancient Egypt I saw that each civilization had the same ideas but they took their prior knowledge and bulled on it, in different ways. Based on this evidence and facts I gathered I conclude that ancient Egypt and ancient China are the strongest and longest lasting civilizations because of their organization. Also since each civilization’s location was closed off, intruding and trying to conquer weren’t a major issue. While writing this paper I learned that with each civilization’s advanced tools and inventions it impacted everything and influenced all the technology we have today.

MSN Nurse Interview Essay

Introduction A face-to-face interview was performed of a Masters prepared nurse, Mrs. H., to seek new knowledge about a role desired from the interviewer. Taking information from a practicing Masters prepared nurse will help the interviewer develop an understanding of opportunities, career advancement and the practice of someone in the Master in Science of Nursing (MSN) role. Review of the educational preparation, personal experience, and accomplishments of a Masters prepared nurse will be discussed. Mrs. H, describes her journey from Associates Degree in Nursing through obtaining her Master’s degree in education, and her post masters certificate as a Clinical Nurse Specialist. The interview will develop an understanding of the MSN in practice. Interview Selection The interview chosen was the role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) in Critical Care. The interviewer’s knowledge of this role is very limited. However, this role is viewed as an educator for a specific unit. The person interviewed holds a MSN in education and a post graduate certificate as a CNS. This interview was conducted due to not only the MSN in education, but excitement of the CNS post graduate certificate. These positions are held by respected members of the nursing profession and hold endless possibilities. Career Overview The interviewed, Mrs. H., has held a variety of jobs/careers in her life. Upon high school graduation, Mrs. H. obtained a job in retail as a sales associate. Through hard work and dedication, Mrs. H. worked her way up to management in retail. However, Mrs. H. quickly discovered that retail held long hours and no room for growth without an education. Upon self reflection, Mrs. H. made a decision to go to school and make a career  change. Her decision was she wanted to help people and make a difference. Mrs. H. obtained her Associates Degree in Nursing (ADN) in 1997. During this time, she continued to work part-time in retail on evenings and weekends to earn money. Upon completion of her ADN, she got a job at the local hospital on the medical-surgical unit. She quickly discovered her love of nursing and wanted to do more. Thus Mrs. H. continued to work in nursing and went back to school and obtained her Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing (BSN) in 2002. Upon completion of her BSN, she transferred within the hospital to a Surgical ICU unit where she worked for a couple of years before deciding to pursue her Master’s Degree in Nursing (MSN). However, prior to pursuing her MSN, Mrs. H. was required to take the GRE and get a good score to qualify for her MSN program. She spent months studying for her GRE. Eventually, when Mrs. H. felt she was ready, she sat for the GRE and was pleased to discover she received the number on the GRE she needed to get into her MSN program. While continuing to work as much as possible, Mrs. H. went back to school and obtained her MSN in education in 2008. She recalls school, papers, maintaining a family life and balancing work being very difficult, but states it makes the reward of graduating even better. Her MSN has opened up many doors and opportunities for her, as her career responsibilities continue to grow. Mrs. H. became a leader on her unit and held the title of supervisor/educator for the Surgical ICU. The desire to continue to learn and grow and make a difference in healthcare continued to weigh on Mrs. H’s mind, thus she obtained her Post Masters CNS in Critical Care board certification in 2013. Present Position Mrs. H. has a variety of experiences as a nurse. Presently, Mrs. H. is in charge of all patient, staff and student education on one of the critical care units. Furthermore, Mrs. H. helps change, write and build policies for her institution. In addition, she participates in several hospital wide committees aimed at patient safety, performance improvement and nursing engagement. Mrs. H. describes her position as one that has changed from supporting nursing practice and interpreting information, to one that conducts research and develops pathways for care. She states she uses nursing theory,  evidenced based practice (EBP), and critical thinking skills to change nursing care provided throughout the hospital. In addition to her full time role at the hospital, Mrs. H. teaches BSN classes at a local university. Mrs. H. admits all of this would not be possible without her education, commitment and determination in life. Her career opportunities â€Å"fell into her lap† as she describes it. However, Mrs. H. will also humbly admit that through her leadership skills and her educational background, she proved herself to be worthy of her opportunities. On more than one occasion, Mrs. H. stated to never give up. When asked what exactly was meant by that, Mrs. H. stated to remember that no one is ever too old to continue their education. Furthermore, Mrs. H. encourages nurses to be the best they can be. Follow our hearts and don’t be afraid to speak out on patients behalf. Many words Mrs. H. said were interesting, but most importantly always seek to be the best at whatever it is in life. Conclusion Inspiring others and leading change are attributes of effective leaders that are crucial in preparing nursing students for professional practice (Adelman-Mullally, 2013, p. 30). Another important aspect of leadership is challenging the system to bring about desired change. Both healthcare and nursing education are experiencing change that creates unpredictability. Leaders recognize these challenges and have the confidence and courage to propose new ideas. (Adelman-Mullally, 2013, p. 32). The profession of nursing and the advancement of healthcare are directly related to effective leaders in nursing who hold higher levels of nursing education, pursue excellence in nursing practice, and motivate others to perform to a higher standard. All of this is in line with Grand Canyon Universities mission of providing role models through education in order to be effective communicators, critical thinkers and responsible leaders (GCU, p. 1). References Adelman-Mullally, T. (2013). The Clinical Nurse Educator as Leader. Nurse Education Practice. 13(1):29-34. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854312 Grand Canyon University (GCU). Mission and Vision at Grand Canyon University. Retrieved from www.gcu.ed

Edward Estlin Cummings Essay

E. E. Cummings is a poet who is undeniable unique and the majority of his work highly stylized, modern, and controversial. The bulk of his work is usually recognized and noted for his awkward use of letters, structure, and mislaid punctuation. While Cummings is most known for variation on form, his poetry has great depth and meaning. Cummings is the quintessential 19th century poet who stated â€Å"The day of the spoken lyric is past,† and warns that â€Å"The poem †¦ it builds itself, three dimensionally, gradually, subtly, in the consciousness of the experiencer† (Kennedy). Embodying transcendentalism completely, he understood that to live is to constantly be experiencing, changing, and growing. This theme is revisited in his work again and again. Therefore, E. E. Cummings is most strongly influenced, like so many other authors by, by events of his life. Eve Triem, in American Writers, explains that Cummings was born to Edward Estlin Cummings to Edward and Rebbecca Cummings in 1894, both of which were highly intelligent and respected in the community. His father was a professor at Harvard University and his research centered around studying people. He had also been trained as a minister and preached at a local church. Cummings mother, Rebecca, came from a very prestigious family and play a major role in all the social, political, and cultural ongoings in her community (Triem). Cummings had the luxury of the perfect childhood. They spent their winters in Boston and summered in the beautiful farms of rural New England. Triem explains it was here that Cummings, as a youngster, fell in love with nature. These beautiful childhood images would become so embedded in Cummings memory that they were the central images in many of Cummings’ most memorable poems. As explained in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Cummings’ parents encouraged him to study and read as often as possible and offered him their â€Å"full support†. Kennedy states that Cummings, as a young adult. kept a â€Å"journal† of his inner most thoughts at his mother’s request. His mother believed, almost from birth, that Cummings would become a great author and take his place among the ranks of Longfellow. She ensured that his bed stories were from the greatest writers of the time, Dickens and Stevenson. Cummings was highly educated. His home life was focused on literature. Cummings would memorize and recite pieces of stories, and poetry. In addition, he was also a very capable painter who enjoyed illustrating his own writings (â€Å"E. E. C ummings†). As an adolescence he became very involved in his high school newspaper and also the Cambridge Review. â€Å"While Cummings was in school he helped to found the Harvard Poetry Society. He and some of his friends in the society put together Eight Harvard Poets (published in 1917)† (Triem). The Cambridge Review would be the very first place to publish Cummings’ early writing. However, his poetry was still passive and not entirely well received. Though this initial experience of actually being taken seriously inspired Cummings to keep writing and to push the limits of what was considered proper and acceptable. After graduating high school, Cummings followed in his father’s footsteps and entered Harvard. He received a traditional education and earned degrees in Literature and the Classics. Cummings â€Å"was educated in public schools and at Harvard University where he received an A. B. , magna cum laude, and an M. A. for English and classical studies. † (Triem). His analyzing his skills were unparalleled. Much of his interest during this time centered around Shakespeare. He would closely with literary historians who studied Shakespeare’s use of narration and literary devices. It was during this time that Cummings became to experiment with allegory in his poetry. Kennedy asserts that Cummings utilized his formal education and his father’s religious writings to author many essays, short stories, and poems. His work was regularly published in the Harvard Advocate and Harvard Monthly. However, Cummings questioned his skill and wondered if his position in life had effected how people viewed his poetry. In the early 1900s, Cummings was exposed to Cubism and Impressionism. Both of which influence his writing style. He believed that his poetry had home within the modern art movement. â€Å"But by 1918 Cummings had created his own poetic style. Because he was a painter as well as a poet, he had developed a unique form of literary cubism: he broke up his material on the page to present it in a new, visually directed way† (Kennedy). It was during this time that he practiced and created his ever popular variation on poetic structure that he is famous for. He was inspired by the aggressively unique modern artists, specifically Czanne and Gaudier-Breska. Similarly, he looked to modern poets and particularly related to the work of Sandburg and Whitman. Cummings loved lyrical poetry and manipulated the standard structures – intentionally using words, punctuation, and syntax in awkward ways. Cummings’ goal was for poetry not to just sound a particular way, but also have a unique and meaningful visual style (Kennedy). His poetry became extremely tight and well built. He carefully constructed each poem with specific word choice and arrangement creating poetry which was both visually stimulating and meaningful. He visited Paris often and was constantly inspired by the European art movements. Kennedy explains that these â€Å"influences that appear in his increasing experiment with language and ventures into irrational modes of expression in his poem. † Cummings used repetition, extended songs, and words in written in lines to give the allusion of action. An example of his unique style is below: mOOn Over tOwns mOOn whisper less creature huge grO pingness (excerpt from Cummings poem No Thanks, as quested in Triem) Triem explains that Cummings uses this unique structure and style â€Å"to focus the reader’s attention a capital letter may be thrust into the middle of a word. In the opening poem of No Thanks capitals are used to imitate the roundness of the moon and to imply the eternity of the circle. † Though Cummings’ poetry was popular, he made his living in the publishing field. After graduation he took a desk job at a publishing company. This type of job allowed Cummings to focus almost completely on his poetry and prose. It was during his time here that he had the chance to review and be influenced by the world’s news events and read obscure history. Triem believes that this type of exposure produced his famous poem, Buffalo Bill s defunct. He was a prolific writer and continud to hone his skills as a painter. Contemporary Literary Criticism reports that as the first great war approach, Cummings, with the urging of his family decided to volunteer instead of being drafted. He served in a medical division in France. This particular assignment worked well for Cummings because he did not agree with war. â€Å"Cummings was completely charmed by the bohemian atmosphere of Paris and its abundance of art and artists† (â€Å"E. E. Cummings). In addition, France was a place he had never been and full of new adventures and people. Simply by accident his military paperwork was temporarily lost and he had some extra time to visits the streets of Paris. It was in Paris that Cummings, for the first time was away from the oppressive and prudish nature of American society (â€Å"E. E. Cummings†). Contemporary Literary Criticism reports that â€Å"during this period, Cummings eschewed upper-class Cambridge values and frequented circuses, bordellos, pubs, and vaudeville and burlesque shows† . Within the burlesque halls and streets lined with prostitutions, Cummings experience a sexual freedom which is well documented in his most controversial poetry. His time in the military was extremely tense. Cummings was intentionally obtuse and did not make an effort to fit in. Cummings was openly artistic and spoke openly about his political views. He often complained about the other men he worked with and was constantly writing to his family about his uncomfortable conditions (Triem). Cummings was so outspoken that the French government actually read and censored his letters home to his family and friends. He became a target of the authorities who watched everything he did and wrote very carefully. The authorities believed that Cummings might be some type of spy and he was placed in a French jail for a couple of months (Kennedy). Cummings found a common bond with the people he was imprisoned with this was the inspiration for his novel called The Enormous Room (â€Å"E. E. Cummings†). With the help of his prestigious family he was released and sent home in 1918. The Enormous Room is â€Å"considered a classic of World War I literature, this work concerns the preservation of dignity in a degrading and dehumanizing situation† (â€Å"E. E. Cummings†). Contemporary Literary Criticism reports â€Å"it also examines themes that Cummings would pursue throughout his career–the individual against society, government, and all forms of authority†. Cummings went to live in New York where he surrounded himself with friends and peers within the arts (â€Å"E. E. Cummings†). Many of which supported and encouraged Cummings to keep writing and painting. Cummings’ painted his most well known piece called â€Å"Traffic†. He continue to write and his uniquely structured poetry was published in local papers and was often debated (Kennedy). Cummings soon fell in love with Elaine Thayer. It was Elaine which is the basis for the majority of Cummings erotic and sensual poetry. His love and desire for her is undeniable. Elaine soon became pregnant, and was still married. The situation was extremely tense because Cummings could not openly father his baby daughter, Nancy. Years later, Elaine divorced and the couple was married in overseas (â€Å"E. E. Cummings†). Kennedy explains that their relationship lasted one year and then they divorced. Cummings separation from his daughter was related in much of his poetry and paintings. Cummings’ first novel, The Enormous Room, was about his experiences during the war. While the novel was not actually publish until 1922 and it received a great deal of positive feedback from the literary world because Cummings presented such a horrific subject in an unique and first person perspective. During this time his poetry was also gaining popularity. Cummings’ poetry was being published in the Dial,Vanity Fair as well as other literary journals. It was not until later 1923 that Cummings published his first volume of poetry called Tulips and Chimneys (â€Å"E. E. Cummings†). In the next two years he published two more volumes of poetry. With each volume of poetry he became more and more popular. The most intriguing part of Cummings’ works is that he is an author with many talents and tools. He had the ability not just to write poetry but also dramas, prose, satire, and journaling. He was a great painter and sketch artist. Cummings was witty and charming with a quick intellect which is obvious in his poetry. Puns, satire, and slang are often seen in his poetry to create humor while incorporating his comments about political, social, and cultural issues (Kennedy). Many of the themes Cummings developed and the literary tools he used set him apart of his peers during his time and throughout literature as a whole. Cummings have the ability to confront many parts of American life, especially Puritanism and Philistinism as well as a holistic approach to mankind. Contemporary Literary Criticism reports many of his poems preach independence and reliance which are the basis of transcendentalism. â€Å"Cummings effects a softer, more elegiac note, displaying his affinity with New England Transcendentalism and English Romanticism† (â€Å"E. E. Cummings†). Cummings asserts that man must live alone to be free and when man lives among other men, he loses his humanity and soul. However, many of his poems are just about the basics- nature, romance, and the seasons. Cummings is easily separated by his peers by his use of lower case letters. His name alone foreshadows that his poetry is something different. â€Å"Cummings made varied use of parentheses: for an interpolated comment or to split or combine words as a guide to his thought. Frequently they occur, in poem-parables, to clarify the relationship between two sentences that run simultaneously through the poem† (Triem). According to Kennedy, Cummings often used alternative methods to express his what he was thinking and feeling. Cummings concentrated on misuse of syntax, often the verb and nouns are transposed. Kennedy continues to explains Cummings also used broken sentences combined with strong street dialect and popular sayings to create poetry most people had never seen before and his poetry as a whole was a â€Å"gathering of work in traditional verse forms as well as in his newest unconventional forms of expressiveness†. He even used traditional poem structure combined with free verse which has become associated with Cummings. â€Å"Cummings is remembered for his innovative, playful style, his celebration of love and nature, his focus on the primacy of the individual and freedom of expression, and his treatment of, in his own words, â€Å"ecstasy and anguish, being and becoming; the immortality of the creative imagination and the indomitability of the human spirit. (â€Å"E. E. Cummings†). It is the combination of the topics as well as his unique style that has created a reputation for Cummings as a modern poet. His poetry is often copied by young poets who are trying to find a style of their own. American lyric poet, a typographical innovator whose contempt for modern, collectivized society and love individuality is reflected in the novel arrangement and punctuation of his poems.

Starbucks marketing report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Starbucks marketing report - Essay Example Effective communication with employees, customers and vendors is increasing the brand reputation of Starbucks in global market (Pride & Ferrell, 2011). The organization follows environmental rules and regulations of several countries in order to avoid legal challenges. Legal Employment rules and regulations differ from country to country. Restriction on maximum working hours and minimum wage rate need to be considered by the organization in several countries to continue its business operations (Allen, 2012). Lastly, strabucks need to follow health and safety standards to maintain effective work environment. Starbucks SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis of Starbucks will help to determine Starbuck’s internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. Strengths Stable earnings and revenue of Starbucks is major strength of the organization. The organization is ahead of its several potential competitors in terms of financial profitability and strengths. It is the most l eading and recognizable brand within global coffeehouse industry. Effective leadership strategy and innovative vision of Strabucks are one of the important assets of organization. Loyal customer base across the globe is the major competitive advantage. Effective location of retail stores based on market demand is the most successful business strategy of Starbucks. Effective brand extension strategy and high quality of products have increased customer preference. Weaknesses Aggressive business expansion strategy can lead to cannibalization. It can dilute the Starbucks experience. People are trying to consume healthy products. It has found out that several products of Starbucks contain high level of fat and...Moreover, the organization can implement Porter’s generic strategy to become the leading player based on several parameters, such as cost, focus and differentiation strategy. Positioning is another important strategy that can help marketing team of an organization to posit ion their products and services according to the market demand and customer preferences. Justification of Strategy Adoption Starbucks need to focus on marketing mix strategy and Porter’s generic strategy to improve their business performance and reduce competitive threats. It is true that the organization implemented niche marketing strategy (Mangold, 2010). Recent economic slowdown forced global customers to purchase less and save more. Therefore, it is important for the organization to revise the pricing of products through effective marketing mix strategy. On the other hand, implementation of Porter’s cost leadership generic strategy will help the organization to control operation cost. They need to introduce new products for the people of middle class income level. Moreover, they need to implement competitive pricing strategy for the products. This strategy will help the organization to introduce competitive priced products.

Paper 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper 3 - Essay Example For instance they are not set legislatively and so the commitment is non-legislative making them voluntary and in doing so they produce results which are self enforcing however they are agreed to basically by one or more organizations and certain bench marks to behavior and standard, they can thus be applied to produce consistent results or outcomes. These qualities are useful because: They have been known to advance and grow public interests, in these way they help in the dissemination of information between the organizations and the public in areas such as production, manufacturing and delivery of goods and services Labor standards, health environment age requirement human rights and overall decency are addressed which help to protect the public. In these ways organizations are stimulated to create operation practices that are more efficient and equally effective that produce minimum negative effects but maximum social economic and environmental results. (HEVIA, 2013, p 2197). If codes are developed openly and also include public participation (like the workers, consumers, NGOs Competitors, public interest groups etc.) they gain more respect and reception increase effectiveness and credibility of both participants and proponents (HAUGAARD & CLEGG, 2012, p103) CSR – this is an obligation by a business towards the society whereby the law alone is not sufficient and in this way an organization is bound by its own internal mechanisms to give to society back, this responsibility could take on various forms and could focus on social, economic or legal responsibilities. Social responsibility helps in reducing negative impacts of the company while also maximizing its positive impact. While addressing the issue of CSR with regards to issues affecting local water supply, corporate bodies have to look at certain areas that have been seen by past experiences like the Coke debacle in Kerala India, which cause anxiety and

Building a House for the Handicapped Term Paper

Building a House for the Handicapped - Term Paper Example iii. Benefits analysis: A benefit analysis must be carried out to ensure that the project is justified. A qualitative benefit analysis as well as a quantitative benefit analysis would ensure that all possible aspects are covered. The qualitative benefit analysis would comprise of various aspects that make handicapped housing better than simpler abodes for disabled individuals. The quantitative analysis could comprise of the cost benefit analysis which would determine if the proposed project is better than existing solutions. (Flyvbjerg, Bruzelius, & Rothengatter, 2003) b. Initial Planning i. The planning process would need to take into account the proposed design to facilitate disabled individuals as well as the compliance of this design with guidelines and relevant laws. This would be followed by procurement planning and subsequently construction planning. ii. WBS (Work Breakdown Structure): The WBS approach ensures that a larger project is distributed into smaller components that c an be defined individually. The various work areas are articulately defined so that they are mutually exclusive. This helps to define the complete scope of the project with relative ease. (Haugan, 2001) The WBS for the project is presented below: iii. SWOT analysis: SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) represents the internal strengths and weaknesses of a project or business operation. (Armstrong., 2006) The SWOT analysis for the project is presented in the matrix below: Strengths Weaknesses well planned execution; help from volunteer groups; well established trends to take cue from. mismanagement during construction; underestimated timelines; underestimated costs; provision for specialised services will add to cost. Opportunities Threats government funding support; volunteer based help. solution may not be the most feasible solution around; budgetary overruns. iv. SOW (Statement of Work): A SOW is a formal piece of documentation that defines the total work activitie s along with deliverables within a timeline. Often a SOW is used for coordination between provider / vendor and the concerned client. Generally detailed price breakups and requirements are included in a SOW as well as any relevant regulations and governance conditions. A SOW will be developed for the project to enhance traceability as well as measurability of the overall progress. (Nielsen, 2009) 2. Design a. Time planning i. Constructing a time plan will be done through standard tools such as Microsoft Project to create a comprehensive Gantt chart as per the WBS. This will enable the executing party to take full measure of the time involved along with the resources involved. ii. Tasks dependencies will be listed within the prepared timeline and will be kept to a minimum in order to ensure that the WBS is allowed to function fully. Major task dependencies will include approval of planned materials (including plot plans and construction blueprints), building foundations, creating wal ls, building the roofing and floors. Finishing will depend on these tasks during which special elements such as ramps, communication equipment etc. would be added to facilitate disabled people. b. The critical chain approach ensures that project planning and management depends largely on resource requirements. This is opposed to traditional methods such as PERT and critical path. The CCPM (critical chain project

Truama room nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Truama room nurse - Essay Example The trauma room nurse certification helps the nurses to acquire essential skills, such as ways to stop excessive blood loss, and methods of stabilizing a critically affected patient. Trauma room nurses should also be able to prevent secondary infections. In a health facility, there is a high likelihood for patients with life-threatening issues to contract other illness. Patients with open injuries and those with weakened immune systems should be monitored closely to prevent farther infections (Andreassi, 2006). Education and certification Dealing with trauma is a technical issue which requires authenticated certification. One is required to train and acquire the professional skills required to accomplish all the responsibilities. One of the important qualifications of a trauma nurse room is the nursing certification. This certification entails a wide range of skills that are crucial for a trauma nurse room. The certifications range from two years to ten years depending on the skills that one intends to acquire. I am experienced in surgical nursing for more than ten years majorly in neurosurgical and burn intensive care unit. In the nursing department, I have come to realize that most health care institutions offer a reasonable rate of salary to the nurses (Andreassi, 2006). Although salaries may vary from one institution to another, the rate seems to have a minimum range of between $20 and $24. This applies to those nurses who belong to the same category depending on their grades and personal experience. Employment The health care department has the most chances of employment opportunities across the world (Briere & Scott, 2006). There are a number of health institutions that one can get a job. For instance, after graduating from a nursing school in the US one can seek employment in the government institutions or privately owned institutions. The government owned health institutions include St Paul Medical Centre which is located at Minnesota in the US and West mead hospital (Andreassi, 2006). There are also open chances for one to get employment opportunities in a nongovernmental organization like AMREF, WHO, Red Cross and St Andrews ambulance among many others. These organizations assist patients in different ways. WHO as a non-governmental organization help in providing food to those people cannot meet their daily requirements as food (Andreassi, 2006). The Red Cross helps to provide humanitarian needs to people who are affected by natural calamities or other accidents. In this department, there are many possibilities for one to advance both academically and salary wise (Briere & Scott, 2006). The nursing certificate holders take the shortest time possible to complete their course. Because of the nature of the training, they are given the lowest salary followed by diploma holders and the degree holders in the same order (Follette & Ruzek, 2006). This indicates that professional experiences increase in the same line with the salary earne d. As one progress to gain higher knowledge, the salary also increases. The nursing schools have the capacity to train and offer advancement opportunities to all practitioners to enable them deal with patients efficiently. There are also workshops that help educate the nurses on the best scientific nursing practices. For instance, AMREF

Situation in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Situation in Iraq - Essay Example Those who carefully study the process of reconstruction on the postwar Iraq often speak about the challenges, costs and unresolved problems that make the essence of the process. Besides, numerous examples of the reconstruction policy represented by the USA in Afghanistan and Bosnia make evident that these policies do not promise fast and easily reached successful result. Those who review the process that now takes place in Iraq, insist that this country has much in common with Afghanistan. The country is characterized by ideological and ethnic contradictions. The main purpose that had to be achieved before starting the process of democratization was settling down the conflict between Shiites, Kurds, and Sunni Muslims. Political situation in the country is such that a system to keep political and security balance is to be organized to support a new democratic government, as the situation is not likely to change for better at the nearest future. As the commentators state, "In short, the United States would have to become engaged in nation building on a scale that would dwarf any other such effort since the reconstruction of Germany and Japan after World War II. ... ch different from the countries of the West not only due to the differences in culture and consciousness, but also due to their location and geography, which also affects the society life and the functioning of all the spheres of the country life in general. So facts about geographical position, which comprises regional observation, can help understand this country better. The most basic facts that it is necessary to know about Iraq's position are as follows: it borders with six various countries, it also has limited outlet to the sea, and the total area of the country is not very large, it can be compared to the territory that is occupied by California state. The country is divided into four geographical regions - highlands, plain, desert and uplands. The deserts occupy about a half of the whole area of the country. The major rivers that provide for existence of the population and agriculture are the Tigris and Euphrates. The climate in the country is rather severe, especially in desert areas - extremely hot in summer and cold in winter, the atmospheric precipitates are limited, but spring floods often cause damages. It is evident that natural conditions are not favorable for easy and patient life of the people that live in the country; their life is a constant struggle with natural forces, especially as the natural conditions almost do not provide people with the possibility to grow food. (Malinowski) There are also some more details that also worth consideration. Due to rich natural resources of oil Iraq is supposed to be one of the wealthiest countries of the world, but due to the sanctions imposed by the UNO and the government negligence the population of the country is the poorest compared to the other countries of the Middle East. All those who study the