Essay about History of Psychology - 1417 Words

Explain the reasons for the development of psychology as an academic discipline in the 19th and 20th centuries, making explicit the important turning points and breakthroughs. In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology, But the first Psychological foundations are rooted in philosophy, which to this day propels psychological inquiry in areas such as language acquisition, consciousness, and even vision among many others. While the great philosophical distinction between mind and body in western thought can be traced to the Greeks, it is to†¦show more content†¦Founded by John B Watson in 1915 the behaviourist approach studies observed behavioural responses of humans and animals. The behaviourist approach believes we learn to behave in response to our environment, either by stimulus-response association, or as a result of reinforcement. Behaviourists focus on the influence of the environment, they chose not to be concerned with the internal mechanisms that occur inside the organism, they believe that your behaviour depends on what factors are present in the environment at any given time. Another big contributor to this approach is Ivan Pavlov who was made famous for conditioning in which he used dogs in an experiment. The behaviourist approach has been a dominant influence in psychology, it represents one of the ‘hardcore approaches, which has contributed a great deal to our understanding of psychological functioning (Malim Birch, 1998) a common criticism of this approach is that it does not address the possible role of biological factors in human behaviour. And also that it leaves no room for the free will of an individual. In the wake of psychoanalysis and behaviourism, humanistic psychology emerges as the third force in psychology led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. This approach came about just before the cognitiveShow MoreRelatedHistory of Psychology753 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Psychology History of Psychology Paper Shirley L Nieves October 21, 2013 PSY/310 Prof. Kelle Daniels The roots of psychology date back to Egypt and the Egyptian mystery system. Psychology has evolved from philosophy, medicine, theology, and science. Psychology evolved out of coalescence of natural science, and also the branch of philosophy which is known as epistemology, which is also known in the theory of knowledgeRead MoreHistory of Psychology852 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Psychology? Psychology is said to be the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The study of human behavior, development, and learning; and also seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Today the question we are doing falls under the History of Psychology. It deals with the earlier schools (Structuralism and Functionalism) and compares them with the most recent schools of psychology (Gestalt psychology, Psychoanalysis and CognitiveRead MoreThe History of Psychology2719 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: The History of Psychology Philosophical Background Psychology has no definite, absolute beginning, but there is speculation that early humans were curious about human nature. Serious study of the human psyche began in ancient times, with ancient philosophers began to record their findings and thoughts about behavior and the nature of the human mind. The name ‘psychology is from the two Greek roots, psyche and logos, which mean mind and study, respectively. Psychological thoughtRead MoreHistory of Modern Psychology836 Words   |  4 PagesA History of Modern Psychology Franklyn Rivas UOPX History and Systems in Psychology 310 Lillian Fillpot May 03, 2011 A History of Modern Psychology Before psychology officially became a science, many great intellectuals of previous centuries had contributed to the philosophy behind psychology. This philosophy can be trace back to the times of the Greeks, middle ages, and the renaissance period. However, the link between philosophy and modern psychology became possible in the late 18thRead MoreEssay on The History of Psychology1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Psychology In order to discuss Psychologys history, it is important to understand that psychology still does not have one unifying approach unlike the natural sciences; even the definition of Psychology and what it truly means is still undecided. However I shall attempt to review chronologically its philosophical origins, include how the science of Physics and Biology were placedRead MoreHistory of Psychology Paper1294 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Psychology Paper Jessica PSY/310 May 3, 2010 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paperRead MoreHistory of Cognitive Psychology1666 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract An analysis of the history of cognitive psychology. Including key ideas, contributors, trends, etc. History of Cognitive Psychology According to G. Miller of Princeton University, cognitive psychology  is an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes. So, â€Å"since the beginning of experimental psychology in the nineteenth century, there had been interest in the study of higher mental processes. But something discontinuous happened in the late 1950s, something soRead MoreHistory And Systems Of Psychology1795 Words   |  8 Pages History and Systems of Psychology is a course requirement offered to Psychology majors and minors. This course is used to provide majors and minors with the foundation and the evolution of the field of psychology. Within this class, many scholars of discussed. Two scholars that stood out to me in this course would be John Watson and Max Wertheimer. These two particular scholars are responsible for two of the most influential and famous schools of thought, behaviorism and Gestalt psychology. TheseRead MoreThe History Of Social Psychology2266 Words   |  10 PagesThe history of social psychology goes far back in time. â€Å"Aristotle believed that humans were naturally sociable, a necessity which allows us to live together.† (McLeod) Plato was also another influencer in social psychology by saying that â€Å"the state controlled by the individual and encouraged social responsibility through social context. (McLeod) Social psychology is the section of psychology that studies i ndividuals in a social environment. It studies how people think and how they feel, and whyRead MoreHistory And Systems Of Psychology3029 Words   |  13 Pages SOUTHWESTERN ASSEMBLIES OF GOD UNIVERSITY History and Systems of Psychology Psy 4113.00 Instructor: Dr. John Savell History and Systems of Psychology School of Thought Research Paper STUDENT DATA: Name Lauren Frost E-mail: laurenbfrost@lionmail.sagu.edu Phone: (318)372-3825 Semester: Fall 2014 Date: October 8, 2014 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is the belief that we are blissfully unaware of circumstances that dictate ones emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic school of thought looks

Conflicting Visions of Freedom in John Stuart Mill’s On...

John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty and John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government are influential literary works while which outlining the theoretical framework of each thinkers optimal state propose two conflicting visions of the very essence of man and his freedom. Locke and Mill have completely different views when it comes to how much freedom man should have in political society because they have obtained different views about man’s potential of inheriting pure or evil behavior. In chapter two labeled as â€Å"Liberty of Thought and Discussion†, Mill includes two separate arguments in his writing. His first argument focuses on the assumption that suppressed opinions could be true for all we know; this argument takes place on pages 16-17.†¦show more content†¦Also, does anyone, including those making the objection(s), believe benefits are independent of truth? The second argument speaks of false statements being silenced, and how it nevertheless affects humanity negatively. Even false opinions have value that is being denied. Confidence is created in the truth by believing what man believes in a strong manner; it is the way that the people believe something. The primary harm involves having no real understanding of a person’s opinion. Man believes that something is true, but they are unable to explain WHY it is true. Opinions such as these are believed upon authority. Then, when man is unable to defend their opinions, they go to the oth er side of the argument and end up embracing a sense of falsehood. In a general sense, truth is exchanged for error. The objection to the second argument inquiries, â€Å"Doesn’t growth of knowledge cause more beliefs to turn into dead dogmas?† One must look very hard in order to distinguish those who believe the Earth to be flat from those who believe that the Earth is round. Once these complicated webs are rid of, social progress is able to occur. As for John Locke, he believes that man should have more freedom in political society than Mill does. In The Second Treatise of Government, Locke defines freedom as the belief that all human beings coexist in a state of perfection to order their

Pete And Dave Criminal Law Essay Example For Students

Pete And Dave Criminal Law Essay Search and Seizure by definition refers to a police practice whereby a person or place is searched and evidence useful in the investigation and prosecution of crime is seized. The Fourth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and constitutionally limit the search and seizure by provisions in the several state constitutions, statutes, and rules of court. Generally, people instinctively understand the rights and concepts and of privacy. Its the freedom to decide which details of your life are private and public. Likewise, we acknowledge that society is served when the police, in appropriate circumstances, are allowed to investigate and confiscate contraband, stolen goods and evidence of a crime. However, the Constitution plays a significant role in our attempts to balance our desires for privacy against the legitimate needs of the police. It is the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures by state or fed eral law officers. Basically, this means that the police may conduct a search of your property according to the conditions: (1) The police can show that it is more likely than not that a crime has occurred and that if they are allowed to search, they will probably find evidence or contraband. This apparent and reliable fact that create a reasonable belief that a crime has been or is being committed is called probable cause. (2) A judge agrees there is probable cause and issues a search warrant, or the police are permitted to search without a warrant because of the particular circumstances involved. In People vs. Bennett, 70 Cal. Rptr. 2d 850 (Cal. 1998), the Supreme Court upheld the seizure of a motel room in which the investigating officer told the manager to put a cuff lock on the outside of the motel room. The defendant, who was arrested for a recent murder had been occupying the room and still had another 18 hours left until checkout time the next morning. The investigating officer ordered the motel manager to bar access to the room in order to prevent one of the defendants relatives from entering the premises and possibly destroy evidence of the murder. The intrusion on the defendants Fourth Amendment interests was minimal here because only the police prohibiting anyone from entering it impaired the defendants rights of possession in the room.However, there are exceptions to the warrant requirement that justify a search and is exempt from the general principle. The first one is Exigent Circumstances. The situations that are classified under the exigent circumstances except ion can be grouped into three categories. An exigency exists if: 1) there is a good chance evidence-either contraband, instrumentalities used in the crime, or the fruits of the crime-is being or will be destroyed or concealed; 2) it is likely a suspect will flee; 3) there is a real danger to people. In Conway vs. Pasadena Humane Society, 52 Cal. Rptr. 2d 777 (Cal. App. 1 Dist. 1996), the court noted that absent consent, exigent circumstances must exist for a warrantless entry into a home, despite probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed or that incriminating evidence may be found inside. The court pointed out that no hard and fast litmus test would be employed to determine when exigent circumstances exist, and the presence or absence of such circumstances is determined on a case-by-case basis. Two primary considerations in making this determination are if there is imminent danger to the police or public safety. However, the underlying offense was minor which was a v iolation of a leash law, therefore, no exigent circumstances were present justifying the warrantless entry of a home by Humane Society agents to impound the animal. The second exception to the warrant requirement is Destruction or Removal of Evidence. Where police have a reasonable belief that evidence is being or about to be destroyed, a warrantless entry may be permitted under this exception. Where police have an objectively reasonable fear that evidence is being or about to be destroyed and a reasonable belief that there are people within the home presently capable of destroying or hiding the evidence, and the officers fear is of an immediate or imminent destruction, the requirements of the exception are met. For example, In People vs. Ortiz, an officer was walking down a hallway in a motel, on his way to investigate reports of drug sales totally unrelated to the defendant, when he happened to look through an open door and see defendant and his female companion counting out packages of heroin and placing them on the table. Officer was at most six feet away from the pair, and as he could see them, they could certainly see him. The court noted that it is common knowledge that those in possession of narcotics will try to destroy them when seen by law enforcement. In addition, court discovered that the drug trafficking would have continued long before the officer could have obtained a search warrant, and the two may have been armed. Therefore, the officers warrantless entry to seize the narcotics was justified and valid. Although the fact that the grounds for arrest involve narcotics, if there is no indication of drugs being hidden or destroyed, it will not justify the arresting officer conducting a warrantless search of the arrestees home for narcotics. However, if the police are able to view contraband or evidence on your property without actually entering it, they have not conducted a search. In other words, you cannot have a reasonable expectation of privacy in an area that can legitimately be seen from outside your property. This means that the police can use what they have seen as the basis for getting a warrant to co me in and take a closer look. The situation would have to call for prompt action Furthermore, Law enforcement officers are allowed to take aerial photographs or come close enough to overhear your conversations-these actions are not considered searches. On the other hand, without a warrant or an exception to the rule requiring a warrant, officers are probably not allowed to use sophisticated equipment to discover what is on your property or to eavesdrop on your conversations. In general, if the investigation method is highly artificial and high-tech, its likely to be considered a search. Where the line is drawn, however, is not clear or consistent from state to state. The Hobby of Oil Painting EssayTo further examine the thin line as to what constitutes legal or illegal probable cause, the Supreme Court adjudicated Brown vs. Texas and Michigan vs. DeFillippo. In Brown vs. Texas, two police officers arrested a man who refused to identify himself and explain what he was doing in an alley. The premise for the arrest was a Texas statute that makes refusal of identity and addresses a criminal act. However, the person must be lawfully stopped. The officers claimed that the man had been approaching another bystander but upon observing the police, he walked away in the opposite direction. Chief Burger stated, Absent any basis for suspecting appellant of misconduct, the balance between the public interest in crime prevention and appellants right to personal security and privacy tilts in favor of freedom from police interference. So, the conviction was overturned. Another case similar is Michigan vs. Defillippo. Detroit police stumbled upon a man and woma n in an alley. The woman was in process of lowering her pants. Officers requested identity from the man, which was adamantly refused. The police then conducted a patdown search, which produced the discovery of narcotics. In this instance the conviction was upheld because here the arresting officer had probable cause to believe the suspects conduct had violated the ordinance. The respondent was also present with a woman describing the circumstance to warrant further investigation under the ordinance. It is by law to identify oneself when asked to do so by a police authority. Moreover, the respondents refusal to identify himself as the ordinance required was a direct violation of the law. In the case involving consent searches misinterpretation of the law is illustrated in United States vs. Whitfield. Whitfields mother refused to sign a written consent form but allowed FBI agents to conduct a search of her sons room. The agents had confirmed that Mrs. Whitfield owned the home, her son was not paying the rent, and his bedroom door was not locked. Accordingly, the agents believed that they had received a legal consent. The Circuit Court of D.C. disagreed, however. This appellate court proclaimed that although the agents truly believed Mrs. Whitfield could give an affirmative consent, the agents had misinterpreted the law in this situation because the mother had no authority to allow a search of her sons room. A case involving searches and seizures unconstitutionally is described in Rawlings vs. Kentucky (448 U.S. 98). In this case, marijuana seeds were in plain view of police officers legally on the premises. The occupants were told that they could leave the house only if they consented to a search. Consent was not given. Police then requested a warrant to search the house and planned on using that warrant to search the occupants. Forty-five minutes passed before the warrant was presented. However, the Supreme Court said that even this delay was unacceptable and detaining the persons until the warrant was issued violated the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments for the occupants. In the Bill of Rights smith stated: The Fourth Amendment provides language about governmental search and/or seizures based upon probable cause. In addition, the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees every citizen the equal protection of laws and that no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The case was in direct violation of these rights of the occupants; therefore the search was deemed unconstitutional. Conclusively, search and seizure is a powerful tool for law enforcement but one that any person would take as a personal insult. I believe Law enforcement personnel must be educated with the legal and illegal procedures of this investigative process for the legislative views this intrusive method seriously. Search and seizure seems to be of a complex method of incriminating an individual that gives the law enforcement agencies more emphasis on the legal and correct way to execute this particular technique. Evaluating from the cases I have studied the evidence and facts are objective enough to label some of these law enforcement officers as incompetent and a negative reflection of the agency. My greatest concern for the authorities is to suppress their actions if they do not fully understand the concept and interpretation of the law. Bibliography:

Public Bank Leadership free essay sample

The Leadership Style/ Approach of a Successful Organisational Leader in Malaysia PUBLIC BANK BERHAD Introduction (Public Bank Berhad) Established in 1966 by its Founder and Chairman, Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Dr. Teh Hong Piow, Public Bank is a leading provider of financial services in Malaysia with banking operations in Hong Kong and China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Sri Lanka. In Malaysia, Public Bank is one of the most efficient banks as reflected by its low cost to income ratio.Public Bank is a top-tier bank in Malaysia, well-reputed for its prudent management, superior customer service, uncompromising service delivery standards and strong corporate governance and corporate culture. Public Bank remains untouched by the global financial crisis which wrecked havoc in major financial centres around the world. Over the years, the Public Bank Group has been part of the strong catalysts to support Malaysia’s economic development. Since its early days, Public Bank has transformed into a strong and successful financial institution, offering a wide range of competitive and innovative products and solutions to meet its customers’ needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Bank Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Malaysia, Public Bank is an industry leader in home mortgage financing, vehicle hire purchase financing and commercial lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises. Also, in Malaysia, the Public Bank Group has the highest market share for the private sector unit trust business. In Hong Kong, the Group is an industry leader in personal consumer financing.Public Bank is the most recognised brand in the Malaysian financial services industry for its strong brand promise. In terms of size, it is the third largest domestic bank in Malaysia by market capitalisation and balance sheet. The Public Bank Group has over 17,160 staff, with 90% of the staff in Malaysia and the rest in its overseas operations in Hong Kong and China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Sri Lanka. Specifically, in Hong Kong, the Public Bank Group has 30 Public Bank (HK) branches, 42 Public Finance branches and 8 Winton Financial Limited branches. In China, the Group has already opened 3 branches. In Cambodia and Vietnam, the Group has established 15 branches and 7 branches, respectively. In Laos and Sri Lanka, Public Bank has 3 branches and 1 branch, respectively. Similar to the domestic operations, the Group’s key delivery channels such as ATMs and self-service machines in its overseas operations were further expanded for greater customer convenience. Corporate ResponsibilityAs a responsible corporate citizen, the Public Bank Group remains committed to the fulfilment of its corporate social responsibilities. The Group is confident that its corporate social responsibility programmes in key areas such as education, environmental conservation and support to the needy will not only enhance the quality of life of the affected population but also further boost its corporate image, goodwill and brand. The Public Bank Group’s corporate responsibility initiatives to improve the work place and enhance the welfare of the staff will continue to motivate staff to improve their contribution, productivity and efficiency.The Group acknowledges the commitment and willingness of its staff to sustain its strong organic business growth and further improve on the Group’s renowned customer service and delivery standards. Awards and Accolades For its solid and consistent financial performance, prudent management and strong management capabilities, Public Bank continues to be recognised with awards of banking excellence. In 2009, Public Bank was honoured with 54 awards and accolades, including many repeat best bank awards in Malaysia and in the region by international and highly reputable finance and banking publications.Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Dr. Teh Hong Piow, the Founder and Chairman of Public Bank, continues to be honoured for his astute leadership and immense contributions to the Public Bank Group and the banking industry in Malaysia and in the region. Our Commitment Despite its success, the Public Bank Group will never rest on its laurels. In the present challenging economic environment, the Public Bank Group will continue to strive harder and commi t more resources to del iver the best to its stakeholders.

How the Beatles Compare and Contrast Politics and Religion Essays

How the Beatles Compare and Contrast Politics and Religion Essays How the Beatles Compare and Contrast Politics and Religion Essay How the Beatles Compare and Contrast Politics and Religion Essay Apart from their musical success, The Battles were actively involved in Politics and Religion Thered never been anything like the Battles who were about music but also about something more far-reaching (McCarty, 2004 in Turner, 2006: 1). Notably, John Lennox was more involved with Politics than the other members of the group; likewise George Harrison was profusely more involved with religion. This essay seeks to explore the impact they had in the politics and religion of Britain in the sass. Although, their views on religion and politics changed time and time again, over the period of their career. Allison (2006) states in his book The Love There Thats Sleeplessness he talks about Lennox What he thought at one time is no indicator of what he thought at another. His political views, for example, were scarcely consistent (Allison 2006:53) The Battles began their musical career composing and singing songs about love which were more appealing to the youth at the time. The Battles had not started out with the thought of imparting messages to a generation. In the early days their lyric writing and grasp of social issues were the least developed of their capabilities (Turner 2006:3). However, 1966 onwards they made more lyrics with an Intellectual charge and a rebel stance questioning themselves, the world around them and the world to come. According to Turner (2006) If the Battles had a gospel, It presupposes that they believed that something was wrong with the world (Turner 2 006:8). The Battles right from an early stage opposed the system, for example they did not do very well at school, even though they had the opportunity to do so. As Turner (2006) notes, that The Battles took It upon themselves to explore the world The Battles, It seemed, went through things on behalf of their followers and then sent back their findings. They traveled the world , smoked pot ,took acid ,snorted cocaine ,lived to excess became addicted ,consulted psychics, spent millions, meditated, and then wrote their reports up in the form of songs (Turner 2006:7). They conveyed these messages very well Ana tenet Tans connecter Walt tenet Ideas most AT ten time. However, most of these social messages more often than not opposed the government and the church; this most certainly affected these institutions for example the support given by The Battles to different organizations or ideas the government were against include; the AIR, Vietnam war Millions of young people mocked pot, dropped acid, investigated Eastern religions, and marched for peace in Vietnam as a result of things the Battles did or said (Turner 2006:9). Another example given by Turner (2006) which proves this and further to discloses that the Battles also gave financial support to causes they believed in Interest in Transcendental Meditation, for example, received a tremendous boost from their corporate endorsement , and the proliferation of shaved-headed men and long-haired women singing the Hare Krishna mantra on the main streets of every major city as a direct result of the financial and moral backing their organization achieved from the Battles (Turner 2006:12). The Krishna mantra aspired to convert the West, thereby targeting John Lennox and George Harrison as disciples, again this goes to show how influential the Battles were. There are a lot of people who like us and they are influenced by us. So you know, in a small way I may be able to influence them in another direction (Harrison, 1996 in Turner, 2006:1), also in support of the former argument is AAA Urinations quote stating that The Battles had become role models for the youth of the entire Western world. Whatever the Battles did was right! Correct! Acceptable! (AAA Orientation in Turner 2006:9). In songs like the Lady Madonna and Penny Lane they questioned the society and religion. Being influential ,the government at times partnered with them to convey a message across to mainly the Youths for example in 1965,the Battles were appointed (Members of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) MOB, although John Lennox returned it four years after receiving it in protest against the British governments involvement in the Nigeria-Bavaria War (1967-1970) . The church on the other hand did not really want the Battles to side with them or did not show that they did anyway. The youth of today are really looking for some answers the established church cant give them, their parents cant give them material things cant give them (Lennox,1967 in Turner ,2006:134) In their quest for spirituality and to get rid of the void they felt All their material dreams had been achieved so dramatically, at such an early age, that they were starting to ask themselves what was left to look forward to. Since their early teen years theyd been motivated by the possibility of wealth, fame, sex, and acclaim, but now that they had these things a fresh purpose was required (Turner 2006:15). The Battles had acquired all the wealth and fame and still felt empty and so they rebelled against the church and the government We are not only blind in ourselves, but so is the larger social body (Addison 2006:34) I nee turned towards Eastern Religion l en soullessness Ana lack AT mystery Tanat ten young hated about modernity was replicated in the church. The alliance between industry , politics and clergy. This was partly why those disenchanted by materialism tended to be more attracted to the religions of the East that showed more respect for nature and were less interested in war and the pursuit for wealth (Turners:10) ND in this manner they viewed the church and government as similar, because they shared the same views about Wealth and how to get it. The lyrics of Girl (1965) construes the idea of materialism ( the idea of working and getting material possession) but according to them that is not where fulfillment lies because they had came from a phase where they were hyper-materialists to an anti-materialist phase ,they were conveying to their fans that all that money can buy is Just not enough and blame both the political and religious establishments encourage people to work towards attaining wealth Did she understand it when they said that a man just break his back to earn his day of leisure where They being the church and the government constantly reassure people that hard work is a means to an end, the end being fulfillment and in a Christian religious context the day of leisure refers to the Sunday (the Sabbath day) It will be a sign between me and the Israelites forever, for in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day he abstained from work and rested (Exodus 31 :17) . The West was not very keen on the leader of the Transcendental meditation movement, Maharanis Mashes Yogi they believed he was an imposter and this is another example of how the Battles rebelled against the West. They also liked the Idea of the Eastern Religion because it differed from the Western ideology l dont believe that it ends with our Western logical thoughts (McCarty, 1967 in Turner ,2006:1) as well as it not being institutionalized or because they thought it was not, they like the do it yourself notion (no authority). Turner (2006) states however that Without the use of drugs its unlikely that they would have been as receptive to the teachings of Hinduism or would have devoted so much time to learning techniques of meditation (Turner 2006:12). The lyrics of Im Only Sleeping construes that many people do not see the real meaning of life, but run around doing things they should not be doing rather than experiencing the moment. The song is also anti- materialist and according to John Lennox the notion of sleeping is getting away from the everyday material world and entering into a world of dreams (Transcendentalism) ,fantasy, spirituality. He thinks it is superior to the everyday world. Many scholars claim that the Dream world Lennox speaks of is as a result of him being high on LSI ( Lysergic Acid Thalidomide). Drugs seemed to offer new possibilities (Turner 2006:1 5)because they had acquired all they wanted and all the institutions had preached were the pursuits for happiness but they still felt empty and so turned to drug taking , once again The Battles rebelled against the government and the church where drug taking is disapproved of. A Famous critic of the Battles, youth pastor, David A. Nobel wrote two books that relate to the Battles namely Communism, Hypnotism and the Battles and Rhythm, Riots Ana Revolution winner en stated Tanat l en Battles In particular nave a special significance to the disrupter of society for their promotion of drugs, avian-garden sex and atheism he also wrote that The revolution, though sometimes veiled, is fundamentally against Christianity and Christianity moral concepts. Karl Marx sought to dethrone God before he set out to destroy capitalism (Cited in Turner 2006:23) Religion also made them participate in politics for example Georges sympathy for TMs philosophy persisted throughout his life. As late as 1992, during the General U. K. Election, he Joined the benefit concert for the Natural Law Party , a political action of TM components (Allison 2006:45) Unlike the Government, whose policies the Battles mostly opposed such as signing petitions for legalization of soft drugs e. G. Cannabis, the supposed rumor of John Lennox funding the AIR (Irish Republican Army), opposing the Vietnam war etc. The Battles did not oppose religion but the Church (western ideology) and its leaders . However, when Lennox made the statement Were more popular than Jesus now; I dont know which will go first-rock n roll or Christianity. Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. Its them twisting it that ruins it for e (Lennox 1966, Maureen Cleave Interview for London Evening Standard) he was misunderstood and this caused uproar in the America amongst the Christians. Paul McCarty defended him stating that Of course, John never meant to say that the Battles were literally bigger than Christ. He was only referring to the lack of attendance in church. He was actually taking a sympathetic point of view (McCarty 2004 in Turner 2006:1 5). The other Battles shared Lemons belief on religion or at least they put up a brave front. The second part of his comment Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary.

How To Learn New Skills As A Content Marketer [VIDEO] - CoSchedule

How To Learn New Skills As A Content Marketer [VIDEO] Content teams often have too much to do, and too few people to get it all done. For content marketers, that means we’re often asked to stretch our skill sets. Whether you need to create a new type of content or delve into a task you’ve never tackled before, you may not always know how to do everything you’re asked right away. It’s easy to feel overwhelmed. Fortunately, learning new content marketing skills isn’t as hard as it sounds. In fact, it only takes 100 hours to develop basic competency at a given task. Plus, you don’t have to be a master right away. The secret to success is to just start. The secret to success is to just start. #OverheardAtIn this video, I chat with s  Content Marketing Lead, Nathan Ellering, to discuss how to overcome perfectionism and the fear of failure. Plus, you’ll learn the same skill development process the team used to build a blog that gets 1 million page views per month, an email list over 120,000 strong, and a fast-growing social media following.How To Learn  New Skills As A Content Marketer #OverheardAtSubscribe to receive videos in your inbox: //

How do we . each of us, for ourselves and for others . make meaning Research Paper

How do we . each of us, for ourselves and for others . make meaning How do we make sense of 'it all' - Research Paper Example Language is the most prominent way of making meaning, although this does not mean that the illiterate, blind, deaf, mute, and others who cannot speak, read, or write cannot make meaning. Meaning is not limited to the written or verbal language systems. This paper analyzes what meaning is and where it comes from and why. Although people can generate meaning without language, the system of language and the openness of arts and performance allow people to think about meaning in both traditional and nontraditional means that can affect their meaning-making practices and that of their audiences too. Meaning is defined through several approaches. The first group of theories focuses on the â€Å"referential† or â€Å"denotational† meaning of meaning (Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 53). They stress that meaning is the â€Å"aboutness† of the words, where meaning refers to the connection between words and objects, based on what a group or society asserted that they mean (C hierchia and McConnell-Ginet 53). Studying meaning requires examining the relationships between words and their signified objects, which are the concerns of philosophical and mathematical logic (Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 53). The second group of theories on meaning can be called â€Å"psychologistic† or â€Å"mentalistic† because they are â€Å"inward looking† (Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 53). ... The third group of theories is characterized as â€Å"social† or â€Å"pragmatic† because communication is perceived as a social activity and so meaning is socially made and used (Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 54). These theories provide a full meaning of meaning because meaning has dimensions of representation, denotation, and pragmatism (Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 54). For the purposes of this paper, meaning intersects its representational, denotative, and pragmatic dimensions and functions. Meaning is about what the word means based on what society in general agrees it is, what other symbols it can be connected to, and its actual uses in lived individual and collective lives. Language is the dominant way of making meaning. People make meaning by using language to think about meaning. Kafka’s novel, The Trial, involves making meaning of his experience through language. He strives to understand the origins of the charges against him through the language syste m that he knows. Nevertheless, because of lack of information, he cannot derive meaning from his predicament. He is being punished for something that is meaningless to him, but meaningful to his judges. Another example is making meaning through reflection and analysis. When reading and analyzing something to find its meaning, students use language to brainstorm ideas and to come up with a thesis. Their language gives them the words and mechanics that help them express their thoughts about the text being examined. Aside from the general process of making meaning, language is used in its denotative form to understand meaning. The word â€Å"sad† is about feeling the opposite of happy, at least in the denotative sense. Happiness is about a state of joy or pleasure,

Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Development - Essay Example 3. Explain the relationship of language to memory. 4. What is theory of the mind and how does it develop? 5. How does moral development change from infancy through middle childhood? How does cognition develop from infancy through middle childhood? Cognition develops in infancy through active exploring using cognitive structures. Piaget’s cognitive theory explained that for the child to discover his surroundings has to develop his intelligence through organization and adaptation. Organization takes place when a child systematically combines existing structures with interrelated actions and ideas. Adaptation on the other hand is when a child adjusts to the demand of his surroundings employing assimilation and accommodation. A child is said to have assimilated experiences when it is interpreted in terms of cognitive structures. Existing cognitive structures are used to understand new events. While accommodation is the modification of what is learned from the earlier experiences. For example, as the child gazes an object, he tries to grasp to reach. However, as he ages, he recognizes primitive structures thus refined action is expected. The same holds true in the child’s knowledge of a dog. For his first encounter, he may give a definition of a dog to be a thing that barks. However, for successive exposures, he may look at the dog as an animal with four legs.

Social Science Journals and Impact Factor Essay Example for Free

Social Science Journals and Impact Factor Essay There is a proper way to deal with journalists that commit misconducts in their research publications in social sciences journals. Policies and procedures have been put into place to assist in the proper handling of researchers when they behave unethically. Editors must protect the integrity of the journals and the research, when allegations of research misconduct arise. This can pose a difficult task. Journals have had to rethink how to deal with such allegations and misconduct. â€Å"Editors must also think about the potential legal liability if the innocent scientists reputation has become damaged† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). Scientists need to remain credible and reputable, so accusations of unethical misconduct involved in their research can cause an uproar. The Committee on Publication Ethics, also know as COPE, issues an agreement that stated journals must develop misconduct policies, in 1999, and in 2006, issued standard procedures for handling with the misconduct in scientific journals. It is not yet a requirement, but a guidance of how situations should be handled when misconduct is brought to the attention of the editors of the publications. Research was done regarding the number of scientific journals had, in place, a policy detailing the use and reporting of unethical research practices. According to the article, â€Å"A misconduct policy is defined as statements about the definition of misconduct or procedures for responding to misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). For example, the policy described â€Å"how to report allegations of misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010), and â€Å"how to correct the scientific literature in response to misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). The definitions of misconduct would not be limited to the U.S. Federal governments definition of misconduct: fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. Other types of misconduct must be recognized as well, such as animal abuse or misuse of human subjects. The research shows that â€Å"less than half of the journals in the combined data set had formal misconduct policies† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddad a, 2010), although it is recommended by COPE. It is thought that since editors have been made conscious of the misconduct in the scientific research, that more misconduct policies would be in place by now. It is thought that maybe many journals have not developed these policies yet,  because journal editors do not view misconduct as a common problem when they should. Many editors view the misconduct as a something that happens on a rare occasion and are not motivated to develop the policies that are needed to properly handle it. If this issue was properly handled, accusations could not be made, as long as proper protocols were in place and followed appropriately. These kinds of policies have more benefits and a sort of security, but when writing for journals that do not have them in place can be dangerous to the reputations of the researchers and the publishers. Less than half of the reported journals have policies in place, and it would be beneficial to the rest of them to follow suit. The people effected by the misconduct of unethical journals are the participants in the research, as well as the publication the journal is referenced in. If it became a requirement of the social science journals to have policies in place, less accusations would be made about the behavior of the editors and journalists. It is important to remain completely ethical and avoid tarnishing the reputation of the scientists and journalists involved in the publications. This will help aim the publications to remain full of integrity and regarded as highly ethical. More support will come from journals that are deemed ethical, than those that are not, especially in the social science department. It is hopeful that in the near future more editors around the globe will obtain policies that require ethical research to be conducted in order for the research to become published. This would effect not only the reputations of the editors and journals, it would improve the reliability of the information that is provided in the research. It is the opinion of many in the field of social science research, that policies and procedures for handling unethical research practices are put in place, so that their years of hard work and dedication does not become undeniable. One accusation to a scientist could lead to many accusations of past and all future research. So if the guidelines were presently in place, this could be avoided. Until that happens, though, there will remain a certain percent of scientific research that is deemed unethical, and most likely will not be published. References Resnik, D. B., Patrone, D., Peddada, S. (2010). Research Misconduct Policies of Social Science Journals and Impact Factor. Accountability In Research: Policies Quality Assurance, 17(2), 79-84. doi:10.1080/08989621003641181

Huck Fins Emergence :: essays papers

Huck Fins Emergence Huck’s Emergence Throughout the book The Adventures of Huck Finn, the author Mark Twain, portrays the character Huck Finn as a child who, through numerous experimentations, learns to feel compassionate for his fellow human beings. Huck thought twice before he helped Jim escape from entrapment. When the Duke and the King steal the money from the Wilks Family, Huck feels bad for the family just walking into the situation with blindfolds on, so he decides to steal the money back and makes sure that the sisters have their late brother’s inheritance. But then Huck feels remorse when he lies to the King and Duke about stealing the money. When Duke and King get caught he also feels remorse about them getting tarred and feathered. Huck obviously goes through phases in which his judgement is one sided, but in the end he always feels for his fellow humans. When it was revealed to Huck that his best friend Jim had been sold he got angry. The Duke and the King sold Jim off to a slave holder. Huck went through some moral decision making before he decided what to do. At first he wanted to write a letter trying to persuade the slave holder to let Jim go with Huck. Then he just decides to let his friendship take over and he decided to go help Jim escape. Huck came about this radical decision because he realized through the journey that Jim was also a human being that had feelings of his own and Huck respected that. He thought, â€Å"I’d go strait to hell.† The Duke and the King are devious fellows. They are very hard to trust. They pull scam after scam. The biggest scam that they tried to pull was when they pretended to be the Wilks brothers. The family hadn’t ever seen them because they lived in England so, knowing all the information,made everyone in the town think they were the real Wilks brothers. Huck felt sorry for the sisters of the â€Å"Wilks† brothers because he knew what was going on and how blind they were to it. He decide to steal the gold from the Duke and the King and secretly give it back to the family that it belonged to. Then after doing this he felt bad about stealing the money from the Duke and King because he betrayed them. His emotions were always shown pretty well, â€Å"I couldn’t’ let the sisters be without their money.

Doggy Care Executive Summary

â€Å"Doggie steps† is a pet business venture, which aims to be set as a leading example in booming business of pet care markets. The operations of the company will be modelled on the basis of innovation, strategic acquisition and brand growth. With a fantastic portfolio of human resources and products which we are intensely passionate about, we will delight growing number of customers in gurgaon with great care every single day. Everything we do will be channelled by the company’s philosophy of care, innovation, customer centricity and intense passion.This report will outline the initial steps to meet the company’s objectives and goals. This report has been formulated after collecting individual insights from key players of the company; which will be instrumental in establishing the company â€Å"Doggie steps†. Our report begins with an overview related to the key events and the developments that has aided the company founders to set up this business vent ure. In this section, the readers will be able to relate the company’s vision to the significant details of the market. Strategic approach to needs and reasons for choosing a location has been summarised in this section.A brief account of the market related figures has been provided in the market analysis section of the report. This section will also broach upon the current gaps in the market that needs proper attention. The next section will explain how the company is going to provide value to the customers. A six step plan, which has been formulated by the company founders, has been provided in this section. The company aims to win market share by practicing the six step plan. Also a detailed marketing mix comprising key characteristics has been explained in detail to complement and help us meet our goals with respect to the six step plan.The following sections- pricing and distribution channels has been supported with facts and figures that will be implemented by the compa ny to start up the operations of our business venture. The next section, planning, is explained in detail to provide a clear view of the strategies that will be executed to abide by our mission and eventually realize our vision. This section will illustrate that the company has a bold ambition to build a national framework by entering new markets, unconquered markets and with service that will be differentiated and practiced on the scale of world class delivery.The planning section has been divided into sales and financial to provide a clear understanding of the amount that will be invested and the consequential return on investment that will be stipulated for the company. The financial planning section has been formulated with the help of well known business strategists in the market of pet care. Accounting records has also been provided in this section to help the reader analyze the probability of profits and minimization of losses for the company on account of the initial expendi tures.The section operational plan has requisite conditions specified for the type of customers that the company is going to cater to. These conditions has been made based on the historical records of the pet care activities which included damages caused by the unruly behaviour of different species of dogs that had been catered to. Health related specifications in the conditions, mentioned in the section have also been provided based on the advice of veterinarians and members of animal council organizations.A schedule for the operational activities has also been provided in this section to help the customers to understand the different services offered at different times. The company aims to deliver exceptional service by employing qualified personnel’s. The report will also identify the reasons, why doggie steps as a company will be embracing talented professionals to provide high class of service in the city of Gurgaon. The section- human resource and human – resourc e policies have been made after indentifying the needs of the company and the goals that the company is aspiring for.A brief explanation of the job profiles of each valuable participant of our operation has been outlined to help the readers understand the amount of care and service that our customer will be given. At the end of the report, policies have been explained in brief to give an account of the codes and conduct that will be practices by our company. Finally, this report is an account of the business operations of a newly formed company that will be looking to enhance its prospects in the coming years.Several key strategies instrumental for the success of our company is formulated on the aspect; a new company entering a growing sector and aspirations to reach new heights in the field of pet-care. The founders of the company are aspiring to build a national brand by focussing on innovation, processes, distribution and people. In each section of this report, the aforementioned characteristics will be the basis to explain the strategies, figures and goals for the company. Through this report, we would like to encourage our business partners and customers to share our vision and join us on our mission.

Roper Logan

The model of nursing that I will use for this assignment was originally developed by Roper in 1976. It was then added and updated in 1980, 1981 and 1983 by Roper, Logan & Tierney. The Roper (1996) model offers a framework for nurses so they can check credit is taken into account when undertaking any nursing care plan.There are four main stages of the nursing process as identified by Yaura & Walsh (1978) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Assessment†¢Planning,†¢Implementation†¢EvaluationDuring any assessment the nurse’s goal is to determine what the patient can & can not do and link that to the activities of daily living (ADL). They will also take into consideration any environmental factors that might affect the individual and their ability to carry out ADLs.The objective in this model of nursing is to be able to identify the patient’s individual needs & lifestyle, and to make a decision on any potential problems related to carrying out ADLs for that person. This model of nur sing has been used in a number of different settings the 12 activities of daily living are related to basic human needs. The 12 activities are:†¢ Maintain a safe environment†¢ Communication†¢ Breathing†¢ Eating & drinking†¢ Mobilisation†¢ Working & playing†¢ Elimination†¢ Washing & Dressing†¢ Controlling Temperature†¢ Expressing sexuality†¢ Sleeping†¢ DyingIn order to maintain patient confidentiality and for the purpose of this assignment, certain personal details of the essay (Care Plan) have been omitted, such as patient name. This is done in accordance with nursing midwifery code of professional conduct (2007) guidelines so I shall use an alias name in the essay (Care Plan) and the patient shall be referred to as Mrs Cullan.In this assignment I shall look at how I, as a student nurse, can make a care plan in relation to one of the 12 activities of daily living. I shall focus on communication for this assignment.Mrs Culla n was a patient, coming into a day procedure unit for cataract extraction surgery, and I followed the patient from admission, into theatre and then into recovery. The patient involved is a 78 year old female; she is a widow and lives alone but has relatives who live near her. She has worn glasses since she was a young girl but lately she has noticed difficulty  reading & watching TV, this was in despite of the fact that she had received a new lens prescription. Mrs Cullan also found that she had to stop driving at nig†¦

How to Correctly Place Too and Enough in English Sentences

How to Correctly Place 'Too' and 'Enough' in English Sentences Too and enough  can modify both nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Too  indicates that there is too much of a quality, or too much or too many of some object. Enough means that there is no need for more of a quality or object. Here are some examples: Shes too sad these days. I wonder whats wrong.I dont have enough sugar. Lets go to the supermarket.Youre driving too slowly!There are too many students in this class. It should be smaller.This test is difficult enough already!We have too much pollution in the world. Focus on Enough Reading the examples, you may notice that enough is sometimes placed before the word it modifies. For example: What do we need for dinner? I think we have enough vegetables, dont we?She feels that Tom has more than enough time to help. In other examples, enough is placed after the word it modifies. For example: You should ask John for help. Hes rich enough to help us all!I dont think they are smart enough to take that class. Take a look at the words modified in the examples above. You will note that enough is placed in front of the nouns vegetables and time. Enough is placed after the adjectives rich and smart. Rules for Enough Adjective Enough Place enough directly after the adjective modified when using enough as an adverb to mean to the required degree or extent. Hes not patient enough to understand children.My friend wasnt intelligent enough to take the job. Adverb Enough Place enough directly after the adverb modified when using enough as an adverb to mean to the required degree or extent. Peter drove slowly enough for us to look at all the houses.The students studied carefully enough to do well on the exam. Enough Noun Place enough directly before a noun to state that there is as much or as many as required. Do you have enough money for your vacation?Im afraid we dont have enough oranges to make the dessert. Focus on Too Reading the examples, you can notice that too is used with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. However, when using too with nouns, too is followed by much or many. The choice of too much or  too many  depends on whether the noun modified is countable or uncountable, also referred to as count and non-count nouns. Anna is too concerned about her grades.The boys are too crazy today!We have too many books in this room.There is too much information to learn these days. Rules for Too Too Adjective Place too before adjectives to state that something has an excess amount of quality. Hes too angry about that incident.Mary is too anxious about her cousin. Too Adverb Place too before adverbs to state that someone is doing something to an excess or more than necessary. That man is driving too slowly. I wonder if hes been drinking.You are speaking too rudely to that man. Its important to be kind! Too Much Uncountable Noun Place too much before uncountable nouns to state that there is an excess amount of an object. We have too much time on our hands this weekend.Youve put too much sugar in the cake. Too Many Countable Noun Place too many  before plurals of countable nouns to state that there is an excess number of an object. Franca has too many problems to deal with this week.The boys have bought too many clothes. Lets take some of them back to the store. Too / Enough Quiz Rewrite the sentence adding too or enough to the sentence to modify an adjective, adverb or noun. My friend isnt patient with his friends.I dont have time to get everything done.I think the test was difficult.There is much salt in this soup!You are walking slowly. We need to hurry up.  Im afraid I have many responsibilities.Peter isnt working fast. Well never finish on time!I wish I were intelligent to pass this test.  Is there wine for dinner?He types quickly, so he makes a lot of mistakes. Answers My friend isnt patient enough  with his friends.I dont have enough  time to get everything done.I think the test was too  difficult.There is too  much salt in this soup!You are walking too  slowly. We need to hurry up.  Im afraid I have too  many responsibilities.Peter isnt working fast  enough. Well never finish on time!I wish I were intelligent enough  to pass this test.  Is there enough  wine for dinner?He types too  quickly, so he makes a lot of mistakes.

Exercise in Using the Correct Forms of Irregular Verbs

Exercise in Using the Correct Forms of Irregular Verbs This exercise will give you practice in using the correct forms of irregular verbs. Before attempting the exercise, you may find it helpful to review these two articles: Introduction to Irregular VerbsPrincipal Parts of Irregular Verbs Exercise Complete each sentence below with the appropriate present, past, or past-participle form of the irregular verb in italics. When youre done, compare your answers with those below. Uncle Bert told me he had _____ (sell) his car for one dollar to a needy family.No one answered when Freddie _____ (ring) the doorbell.We nearly _____ (freeze) our toes off in a bedroom that wasnt heated.Jessica suddenly remembered that a week ago she had _____ (lend) her brother a hundred dollars.My sister left the birthday party early because she had _____ (drink) too much Coca Cola and made herself sick.Last Sunday morning we discovered that the old boiler had _____ (spring) a leak.John went to the blackboard and _____ (draw) a picture of the playground.Dont call the world dirty because you _____ (forget) to clean your glasses.Jobie had _____ (string) a clothesline from the top of the trailer to the woodshed eaves.The group had _____ (begin) to split up into cliques and factions.Buddy had never _____ (ride) in a limousine before.Habit is a cable; we _____ (weave) a thread of it each day, and at last we cannot break it. (Horace Mann)The paper reported that a major earthquake had __ ___ (shake) the interior of Mexico, killing thousands. When we were five years old, Mike and I solemnly _____ (swear) to remain friends forever.Moira had _____ (mean) to send her father a birthday card, but as usual she forgot.The force of the shock from the explosion _____ (break) every window in the old school building.Uncle Bert had _____ (go) to the post office at lunchtime but never came back.Trying to be good Samaritans had _____ (bring) us nothing but trouble.The student insisted that someone had _____ (steal) his sunglasses, but everyone could see that they were still sitting on top of his head.Walt Disney claimed that he loved Mickey Mouse more than any woman he had ever _____ (know). Answers   Uncle Bert told me he had  sold  his car for one dollar to a needy family.No one answered when Freddie  rang  the doorbell.We nearly  froze  our toes off in a bedroom that wasnt heated.Jessica suddenly remembered that a week ago she had  lent  her brother a hundred dollars.My sister left the birthday party early because she had  drunk  too much Coca Cola and made herself sick.Last Sunday morning we discovered that the old boiler had  sprung  a leak.John went to the blackboard and  drew  a picture of the playground.Dont call the world dirty because you  forgot  to clean your glasses.Jobie had  strung  a clothesline from the top of the trailer to the woodshed eaves.The group had  begun  to split up into cliques and factions.Buddy had never  ridden  in a limousine before.Habit is a cable; we  weave  a thread of it each day, and at last we cannot break it. (Horace Mann)The paper reported that a major earthquake had  shaken  the interior of Mexico, killing thousands.When we were five years old, Mike and I solemnly  swore  to remain friends forever. Moira had  meant  to send her father a birthday card, but as  usual  she forgot.The force of the shock from the explosion  broke  every window in the old school building.Uncle Bert had  gone  to the post office at lunchtime but never came back.Trying to be good Samaritans had  brought  us nothing but trouble.The student insisted that someone had  stolen  his sunglasses, but everyone could see that they were still sitting on top of his head.Walt Disney claimed that he loved Mickey Mouse more than any woman he had ever  known

The Market for Lemons Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Market for Lemons - Case Study Example Akerlof then says that, although his theory has these very general applications, he will focus on the market for used cars: "The automobile market is used as a finger exercise to illustrate and develop these thoughts. It should be emphasized that this market is chosen for its concreteness and ease in understanding rather than for its importance or realism" (Akerlof, George, 1970) On first reading, it is tempting to interpret "the automobile market" as the market in which real people buy and sell real cars and to think that Akerlof is going to present some kind of case-study. One can see why he might focus on one particular market which is easy to understand, even if that market is not very important on the scale of the economy as a whole. But then what does Akerlof mean when he says that this market is not realistic The object of a case-study may be unrepresentative, but it cannot be unrealistic. To make sense of this passage, we have to recognize that it marks a transition between the real world and the world of models. Akerlof is using the real automobile market as an example. But what he is going to present is not an empirical case study; it is a model of the automobile market. Although it is the real market which may be unimportant, it is the model which may be unrealistic. Akerlof moves straight on to the central section of his paper, section II, entitled "The Model with Automobiles as an Example." The transition from reality to model is made again at the very beginning of this section: The example of used cars captures the essence of the problem. From time to time one hears either mention of or surprise at the large price difference between new cars and those which have just left the showroom. The usual lunch table justification for this phenomenon is the pure joy of owning a "new" car. We offer a different explanation. Suppose (for the sake of clarity rather than realism) that there are just four kinds of cars. There are new cars and used cars. There are good cars and bad cars. (Akerlof, George, 1970) The first four sentences are about an observed property of the real world: there is a large price difference between new cars and almost-new ones. Akerlof suggests that, at least from the viewpoint of the lunch table, this observation is difficult to explain. If we assume that Akerlof takes lunch with other economists, the implication is that economics cannot easily explain it; the "pure joy" hypothesis sounds like an ad hoc stratagem to rescue conventional price theory.  

Change management of Toyota and Nissan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Change management of Toyota and Nissan - Essay Example The paper throws light on change management as a controlled approach employed to deal with changes both from the discernment of a human being or an organisation. It is a realistic method which involves altering individuals, teams, and organisations from an existing state to the preferred or future state. It is a managerial practice which intends to help employees in acknowledging the changes in their current industry environment. A change process or change management process is a set of actions that helps a group of members to control the specific change efficiently. The change process facilitates to trace the change requests, to evaluate and to endorse the requests, before execution. This mechanism eases the process of alteration. However, change is present in both personal and professional lives. Therefore, change management is the process which is utilised by organisations so as to accomplish their prospective goals. Change management process utilises varied tactics and procedures in order to achieve final objectives. Moreover, the process of change can be implemented effectively only if members coordinate and accept the change in a positive manner. It is the liability of the employees to manage change in such a way so that it enhances the effectiveness as well as provides inspiration and augments morale of employees of an organisation. Along with the employees, the superiors of an organisation are also responsible for proper adoption and implementation of changes. This can be done only with the help of proper communication and harmonisation among the employees of organisation. Proper management of a change can augment dedication and motivation of the employees towards work thereby improving productivity, firmness and profitability of organisation (Nakae, 2005). Hence, it can be avowed that change management is one of the significant systems utilised by organisations so as to retain and cope up with the cultural challenges of the current scenario. Change man agement is a practice utilised for sustaining in the global environmental conditions among other competitors in the long run (Fahy & Cunningham, 2007). The assignment mainly provides a concise understanding of the prime reasons for change, change management process adopted and the problems faced by the members of the organisations after adoption of the change. The organisations selected for the assignment are Toyota and Nissan. Discussion Change management is the process of scheduling, executing and evaluating of changes so as to cope up with the exigent environment. In order to sustain in this competitive environment, change is essential, so the practice of change management is also mandatory. The procedures of change management are mainly utilised so as to improve the level of potentials of employees and productivity along with development of new tactics, techniques and management systems. Change management process occurs due to diverse reasons in assorted organisations but in thi s assignment, internal issues related to human resource are predominantly highlighted. Reasons for Change Nissan Motor Company Ltd is one of the leading car producer organizations of Japan. It is a reputed trade name in the sector of automobile, and markets its cars with the brand name Datsun. It came into existence in the year 1934. Since then, Nissan Motor Company Ltd is adopting and accepting variety of changes in order to retain a reputed brand image in the competitive market of Japan. Moreover, in order to retain its uniqueness in the market among other competitors, change management is essential. However, in order to retain its market share and sustainability, Nissan Motors tied up with two other reputed automotive giants named Daimler and Renault (Renault, 2010). The prime objective behind this international collaboration is mutual

Industrial application of energy audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Industrial application of energy audit - Essay Example 1.1 Background Energy conservation is important in all aspects of our lives. When firms produce goods to sell or provide services for customers they want to ensure that their services are competitively priced. In order for this to be possible firms have to ensure that they provide these services or produce these goods at the minimum cost possible. Energy cost is one of the main operating expenses for most firms. It is also the one that is most manageable or easiest to adjust in order to gain operating efficiencies. It is therefore important that firms find ways of minimising their energy costs in order to maximise the profitability of their operations. In order to make this possible they seek the help of energy conservation specialists/consultants who perform energy audits of facilities or equipments being used. 1.2 Types of energy audits There are two types of energy audits. ... mal consumption pattern for the items in use the bills were surveyed to determine if the KWh usage was in keeping with the manufacturer’s benchmark of the maximum energy use. The equipments were then assessed to determine if there were any defects that would result in excess energy usage. The facility was checked in terms of floor area and details were gathered on the hours of use of these equipments. The exterior and interior of the building and equipment were checked to determine what adjustments and repairs need to be done to effect energy conservation. The energy manager (proprietor/manager) was questioned to determine critical areas that require monitoring. Sub-meters were then placed in areas of particular concern and both hourly and or daily consumption data was taken for the day. An analysis was done of the results and sources of potential energy and cost savings were identified throughout the building. Some recommendations were then made for energy conservation and ma intenance measures to be put in place. 2.0 Details of the Audit Process It was determined that the preliminary audit was the most appropriate since there were no complexities in the structure of the building. However, it involved testing of equipments which are not generally done in a preliminary audit. 2.1 Pre-Site Work Obtain facility and contact details inclusive of address and telephone number (Appendix 1) Steps were taken to identify the average energy use in the industry, specifically as it relates to electricity consumption. Failing that the internet was checked to determine the energy use of specific equipment Specific energy systems and energy use were also evaluated Specific equipments used in the industry were researched to determine their annual energy (electricity) consumption

Sexuality and Religion: A Source of Conflict in Egyptian Life

Sexuality and Religion: A Source of Conflict in Egyptian Life Sexuality and Religion: A Source of Conflict in Egyptian Life Egypt is one of the oldest cultures on earth. Part of that culture is the religion of Islam. The practices of Egypts modern society, including sexuality, are deeply rooted in both its religious and secular history. Yet, like any modern society, the Egyptian people are exposed to the influences of the rest of the world. It is a world with much different values and practices than those of the Prophet Mohammed and previous generations. Regarding sexuality, the combination of duty to tradition and desire for liberation represents a serious struggle in daily Egyptian life. The Quran and Islamic law heavily influence civil law and social practices in Egypt. This influence started in the middle of the seventh century A.D., when the Arabs conquered Egypt. At the time, Egypt was ruled by the Byzantine Empire and was suffering religious persecution under them. The Egyptians welcomed the Arab invaders and, over the next several centuries, gradually converted to Islam. This eventually led to the current religious makeup in Egypt today of about 90% Muslim and 10% other, mostly Coptic Christians (US Central Intelligence Agency). The Islamic law or sharia practiced today is not just a restatement of the Quran. Rather, it is a mix of those verses, observations of the behaviors of Mohammed (sunnah) and interpretations of Mohammeds teachings developed over the centuries by Islamic legal scholars. But, how many of these laws does the average Egyptian citizen know? As in most societies with numerous and complicated laws, the average persons legal knowledge comes mostly from verbal instruction and hearsay. This leaves compliance with the law open to misunderstandings and manipulation. For the individual, this causes uncertainty and anxiety. In compliance with Islamic beliefs, sexual relations in Egyptian society are only allowed between a legally married couple. A high value is placed on virginity at the time of marriage. However, lifelong celibacy is discouraged. Extraordinary measures, by Western standards, are taken to uphold the societys moral standards. These measures fall generally into the categories of avoiding unsupervised contact between genders and avoiding arousal of sexual urges. Since Egypt is a male dominated society, the responsibility for avoiding premarital relations rests predominately with the female. Egyptian society assigns stereotypical roles to men and women. The men are the breadwinners and protectors, while women are expected to maintain the household and raise the children. Since the men need to move about freely to fulfill their role, women are required to curtail their travels to avoid arousing the men. Ideally, when leaving the house, a responsible male from her family, typically a brother or her father, should accompany an unmarried woman. However, in modern Egypt many young women attend college or have jobs where constant family supervision is impractical. Also, when outside the house, a woman is expected to wear modest clothing and cover all exposed skin except face and hands. Again, the purpose of this is to avoid the sexual arousal of the males who may see her. Egyptian womens efforts to avoid attracting male attention are not working well. Sexual harassment is prevalent in Egypt. In an interview with the Washington Post, one Egyptian woman commented, â€Å"The more women veil the less men learn to behave as decent and civilized members of society and the more women are harassed, the more they veil thinking it will protect them (Knickmeyer). In a travel advisory, the US Department of State says that a 2008 survey of Egyptian men determined that 78% had sexually harassed women. Harassment experiences create anxiety and internal conflict in Egyptian women. They are making a sincere effort to avoid the problem by covering up. Yet, they are unsuccessful and have been raised to believe that such problems are their fault. The practice of avoiding encounters between genders for unmarried people creates a huge problem. Courtship as known in Western culture, including hand holding, hugging and kissing, is prohibited. Thus, it is difficult for a couple to fall in love and get to know each other well enough to consider marriage. The historical answer has been for the family to assist their children in finding suitable mates. Families identify perspective mates for their children and arrange meetings in the presence of the womans family. However, this environment limits the extent to which the couple can get to know each other and results in less certainty in compatibility than would be expected in societies that permit unsupervised courtship. It also contributes to internal conflict in the individuals involved. That is, personal uncertainties about the potential mate conflict with family expectations for young people to marry by a certain age. In recent years, the high cost of getting married and economic conditions in modern Egypt have made it difficult for Egyptian men to afford marriage. In Egypt, the groom and his father pay for the wedding and must give a dowry or mahr to the bride. For the typical wedding, this cost amounts to several years wages of both the groom and his father (Singerman, 21-22). This is forcing young Egyptians to put off marriage until they can save the required money. For people living by the Islamic rules and avoiding premarital sexual relations, this waiting increases sexual frustration and can lead to depression. The impact of high marriage costs on a young couples finances and a weak courtship procedure contribute to a high failure rate for Egyptian marriages. Egyptian government statistics show that 34.5% of marriages fail in their first year (Al Khamissi). For comparison, in the US approximately 70% of couples married between 1990 and 1994 were still married ten years later (US Census Bureau). An alternative to the high cost traditional marriage is an urfi (secret) marriage. In this form of marriage, the couple draws up a marriage contract and verbally declares that they are married. Typically the contract is not registered with the government and the couples families are not informed. While this type of marriage is inexpensive and allows them to have sexual relations, it can create other problems for the couple. If the sexual relations result in a pregnancy, it becomes difficult to keep the marriage secret. The couple must either disclose their marriage or get an illegal abortion. Also, the couple must still deal with the stress and anxiety associated with keeping the marriage secret. They must find places to meet and justify the time spent apart from their families. People who arent able to get married may look for alternative outlets for their sexual needs. Typical possibilities include Internet pornography, masturbation and prostitution. None of these are looked upon favorably in Egyptian society. Thus, the person is faced with another conflict; endure the sexual frustration or the guilt and risk associated with these other sexual outlets. According to Google Trends, Egyptians are among the world leaders in seaching for the word â€Å"sex† on the Internet. However, viewing pornography violates Islamic law set forth in the Quran. â€Å"Lo! Allah enjoineth justice and kindness, and giving to kinsfolk, and forbiddeth lewdness and abomination and wickedness. He exhorteth you in order that ye may take heed (Pickthall: Quran 16:90).† Therefore, by choosing this behavior the person is choosing one banned act over another (sex outside of marriage). Conclusions Past generations of Egyptians accepted the sexual restrictions imposed by law and tradition because they were raised in that environment, learned that concept of self and had little opportunity for comparison to practices in other cultures. However, improved communications through the Internet and other media have raised questions in the minds of Egyptian youth about these customs. They see premarital sex and publicly expressed sexuality in Western media and desire those freedoms and pleasures for themselves. For now, the conflict between individual sexual desires and societys restrictions on sexual activity occurs mostly within the individuals in Egyptian society. However, as Western culture and values influence more and more young Egyptians, it is likely that a more visible struggle for increased sexual latitude will develop between them and the fundamentalists, who demand to retain the old customs.

General Information about Anthrax :: Anthrax

The disease Anthrax derives its name from the Greek word anthracis, which means â€Å"coal†. This name is in response to the â€Å"characteristic black, coal-like central regions located on the anthrax skin lesions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that appear in the cutaneous (tissue) form of the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)). Although the 2001 letter attacks brought it widespread attention, anthrax has been around throughout history in many different areas. For example, the fifth and/or sixth plagues of Egypt that occurred during the time of Moses (1250 B.C.) are thought to represent the â€Å"earliest historical reports of the disease, due to the systemic and cutaneous forms of the disease†(Turnbull). In addition, its appearance has been noted in areas such as Asia Minor during the siege of Troy and its description has been found in the works of many famous authors such as Homer, Hippocrates, Varro, Virgil, and Galen. This leads to the idea that â€Å"â₠¬ ¦the Greeks and Romans were well acquainted with it† (Turnbull). From then on its appearance may have occurred in France, England, Germany, Hungary and Poland. It wasn’t until the 1700’s when its appearance was reported in America in animals. And within the next 100 years or so, Anthrax was being used by biologists to help with the progression of science. Robert Koch, in 1876, established Bacillus anthracis as the first proven bacterial cause of a human disease. His work led to the â€Å"†¦development of Koch’s Postulates, a set of diagnostic criteria still used by microbiologists today† (Nester). Also, the vaccine for anthrax, developed by Louis Pasteur in 1881, was the first effective live vaccine for a bacterial disease. All of these reported accounts, as well as other scientist journals in the late 1700’s and 1800’s, show that this disease is not new to the human race. Anthrax is a highly infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that infects animals including humans. The disease is more common in large herbivores but can also infect humans who are exposed to diseased animal tissue or bacterial spores of the disease. These herbivores include cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and pigs as well as wild populations of deer, elephants, buffalo, and others. â€Å"Incidents of anthrax among animals have been reported by 82 countries†, however, these countries are limited to those with weak public veterinary health programs (Friedlander). Therefore, humans who live in these countries are of high-risk of acquiring the disease through different means of transmission.

Sandwich Blitz, Inc Bio

Sandwich Blitz, Inc. Sandwich Blitz, Inc. is a small growing specialty sandwich shop chain in a large metropolitan area. The business is owned by Dalman Smith, who is the President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Lei Lee who is the Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO). The company currently operates eight free-standing sandwich and beverage shops located near three universities, one hospital, and four high-traffic office complexes in the metropolitan area. The firm serves mostly upscale breakfast and lunch customers and specializes in organically grown food ingredients and health-conscious beverages.Currently, the firm employs a staff accountant, eight unit managers and forty employees. The corporate headquarters occupies rented space in an office park which houses Dalman, Lei, and the corporate accountant, Jayin Chopra. Each operating sandwich shop is staffed with a manager, a team supervisor, and four customer associates. Revenues from 2011 operations were substan tial with a ROI (Return on Investment) of 30%. Beginnings Sandwich Blitz was the idea of Dalman Smith whose previous experience was in middle management for a wholesale food distribution company headquartered in a large European city.An ardent devotee of healthy food, Dalman received the inspiration for Sandwich Blitz while visiting the Mediterranean area on corporate business. Dalman noted the presence of healthy sandwich shops in that area of Europe and was surprised on his return home that no such models were in operation in his local area. After considering the idea for several weeks, Dalman approached his long-time friend Lei Lee, a CPA working within the insurance industry with his idea. Lei considered the idea a good one but was concerned with the overhead expenses involved in leasing and developing retail commercial space in the expensive urban area.One day, while driving to work, Dalman noticed a small, free-standing prefabricated building located on a piece of land adjacen t to a shopping center. Suddenly, he envisioned the Sandwich Blitz model- small space, great location, negotiated low costs on small parcels of land unsuitable for most commercial purposes and most of all, great healthy food! Dalman couldn’t wait to show Lei this model. Within three weeks, Sandwich Blitz, Inc. was born. The sufficient start-up capital was evenly split between Dalman and Lei. Dalman was able to btain a loan using his house for collateral and his personal credit line for most of his share. A gift from Dalman’s father completed his share of the funding. Lei was able to use her substantial personal savings to finance her share of the capital. The first lease of land was signed and a prefabricated unit was ordered on July 21, 2004. Both Dalman and Lei considered this date to be a good omen for the both of them Sandwich Blitz opened its doors for business on October 15, 2004. Dalman, Lei, and two college students were the first employees.Each signed the firs t currency note received during that first day of operation. It is still proudly displayed in the corporate office. Operations The Sandwich Blitz operational model reflects both Dalman and Lei’s management philosophy that allows each operating unit a great measure of autonomy. This allows each location manager to make the day-to-day decisions dealing with their unit budgets, employee matters, and customer service issues. Each location manager is carefully chosen and given a compensation package which includes incentives based on the performance of that location.Each location manager is presented with quarterly budgets and is accountable for meeting these guidelines. Each work team supervisor is responsible for ensuring good customer service by making sure that all customer associates adhere to the Sandwich Blitz Motto which is proudly displayed over each location’s counter: â€Å"Sandwich Blitz – Where our quality, freshness, and customers always come first. â €  Based on this motto, each customer associate is empowered to resolve any customer-related complaint.This allows the customer associate to refund purchases, replace food, and take other measures to satisfy the Sandwich Blitz customer. The original location also serves as a training center for the company and Dalman is a regular fixture at these training sessions. Food recipes and preparation techniques are of particular concern to Dalman since he feels that a consistent product is critical to the company’s competitiveness. Dalman considers a few ingredients in their products to be important enough to justify making them into private brands that are owned by Sandwich Blitz to protect them from potential competitors.Lately, Dalman has mostly been visiting the operating locations and dealing with problems and issues that each manager requests help with while Lei has concentrated on financial matters like budget preparation, leases, taxes, and overseeing the daily accounting process. Both Dalman and Lei are pleased with Sandwich Blitz’s past performance but feel that they are each unable to devote their time and energy to expand the business significantly. All of their time seems to be expended taking care of these problems and issues within the existing operation.AB140 Unit 3 Case Study: Sandwich Blitz, Inc. Narrator: Sandwich Blitz, Inc. is a small growing specialty sandwich shop chain. The business is owned by Dalman Smith, who serves as President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Lei Smallwood who serves as Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Sandwich Blitz currently operates eight free-standing sandwich and refreshment shops located near three universities, one hospital, and four high-traffic office complexes in the area.The firm caters to an upscale breakfast and lunch crowd and specializes in organically grown food ingredients and health-conscious beverages. Sandwich Blitz employs a staff accountant, eight location manag ers and forty employees. Each operating sandwich shop is staffed with a manager, a team supervisor, and four customer associates. Revenues from 2011 operations were substantial with 2011 Return on Investment of 30%. The corporate headquarters occupies rented space in an office park which houses Dalman, Lei and the corporate accountant, Jayin Chopra. Operational MeetingLei (speaking to Dalman and Jayin): Hi Dalman. Hi Jayin. Thanks for joining me today. We have some exciting things to discuss. The Sandwich Blitz operational model reflects both Dalman and my management philosophy allowing each operating unit a great measure of autonomy. This translates to allowing each location manager to make the day-to-day decisions dealing with their unit budgets, employee matters, and customer service issues. Each location manager is carefully chosen and given a compensation package which includes incentives based on location performance.These are based on location sales projections. Each location manager is presented with quarterly budgets and is accountable for meeting these guidelines. Dalman: Each team supervisor is responsible for ensuring good customer service by making sure that all customer associates adhere to the Sandwich Blitz Motto which is proudly displayed over each location’s counter: â€Å"Sandwich Blitz – Where our quality, freshness, and customers always come first. † Lei: Each customer associate is empowered to resolve any customer-related complaint.This allows the customer associate to refund purchases, replace food, and take other measures to satisfy the Sandwich Blitz customer. The original location also serves as a training unit for the company and Dalman is a regular fixture at these training sessions. Food recipes and preparation techniques are of particular concern to Dalman since he feels that consistency of product is critical to the company’s competitiveness. Dalman considers a few ingredients to be of sufficient impor tance to justify a private branding of these to protect these from potential competitors.Dalman: Lately, I have been visiting the operating locations and dealing with matters that each manager requests help with while Lei has concentrated on financial matters like budget preparation, leases, taxes, and overseeing the daily accounting process. We are both pleased with Sandwich Blitz’s past performance but feel that they are each unable to devote their time and energy to take the business to the next level. All of their time seems to be occupied with handling small problems within the existing operation.

Food safety Essay

Food safety is a very essential aspect of maintaining healthy and productive relationships between human beings and the entire environment. It is because it plays a basic role in enhancing good health which is vital in influencing sustainable human activities. Fundamentally, human activities influence their relationships and interactions with the environment. It can be acknowledged that maintaining food safety at all levels ensures good health which in turn guarantees healthy relationships between man and his environment. Human activities have various implications on the entire environment. In deed, they affect the economic, social, environmental and political aspects of the environment. Food safety that is fundamental for good health enables man to relate well with all these aspects of his environment. Food safety: Health To begin with good health enables human beings to work hard and be able to provide for their economic needs. According to Last (1998), when both mentally and physically healthy, individuals tend to be more productive. Increased productivity leads to healthy societies as individuals can be able to cater for their needs and wants. This is made possible by individuals earning enough to attain financial stability. Thus they can be able to pay their bills, spare some for recreation and also be able to save for the future. This is made possible if their health is assured through ensuring food safety. Bronfenbrenner (1979) indicates that excellent health also determines good interpersonal relationships and hence enables populations to acquire social cohesion. In this respect, he argues that healthy individuals are unlikely to be social misfits because they are able to think straight and are also conscious of the societal values which they uphold. Also, health enables one to work and earn an honest living as well as provide enough for his or her family. As such, people become more responsible and dedicated to their lives and this enhances one’s self esteem and personal satisfaction. Generally, Last (1998) asserts that healthy people are able to maintain healthy relationships than their counterparts. Again, this healthy status can only be achieved if the they food they consume is handled in a hygienic manner. With regard to the environment, Ebi, et al. (2005) argues that good health enables individuals to cater for their environment. According to him, healthy individuals are usually able to take timely measures to avoid environmental deterioration in their own simple ways. For instance, they can be able to plant trees, dispose of their wastes in a proper way and perform other functions that enhance environmental conservation. These actions may seem simple yet their contribution to environmental conservation is very significant. In addition, since these individuals have financial stability, they can contribute to environmental conservation missions by donating money (Ebi et al. , 2005). Furthermore, healthy individuals are in position to take sound decisions with regard to environmental conservation. The political stability of a country is also dependent on the health of the individuals. To this end, Bronfenbrenner (1979) argues that healthy and active individuals are less likely to engage in politically unsound behavior. It is worth noting that good health throughout a person’s life also implies that the person’s education and thinking process is rational. Therefore, such individuals are able to make informed, autonomous and democratic decisions with regard to politics. This enables a country to have visionary leaders that are politically mature and therefore enforce policies that are beneficial to the locals. This status can be achieved if food safety is maintained all through a person’s life. Indeed, food safety is a very vital component of our day to day living because of the role it plays in maintaining our health. Without this good health, life can be difficult for most individuals because diseases will be prevalent. Despite this realization, food handling in the US continues to be a major problem and the frequency of food poisoning and food borne illness continues to rise significantly (Last, 1998). This implies that the Food and Drug administration has failed in its duty to protect the health of the citizens. This can also be attributed to the money oriented attitude that our society has assumed. For instance, Andrew (2006) indicates that some butchery workers would rather keep their jobs than identify a slip up in the meat processing process. Further, he asserts that the urge to get food on the markets in a timely manner in order to make huge profits has made business persons overlook the minor but most important aspects of food safety. Therefore, there is need for consumers to take up the responsibility of maintaining good health by practicing the following critical steps that are very important in enhancing food safety and improved health. At a personal level, consumers should be extremely wary of sale offers. If the deal seems too good, it is always recommended to think twice. In most instances, business owners place on sale products that are defective (Andrew, 2006). Therefore, instead of making purchases blindly, consumers should spare time to check the packages properly and even identify the odor of the food. If the odor is bad, Loken (1995) ascertains that such food is not suitable for human consumption. In addition, consumers should put in to consideration the packaging of the food. Usually, food can look very appealing yet if not packed well, the probability that it is infected is so high. According to Watson (2001), well packaged food has a higher probability of being germ free. When purchasing fruits and vegetables, consumers should only buy those that are fresh looking (Loken, 1995). They should avoid fruits or vegetables that have spots or look unhealthy as this is a clear indication of infection. Andrew (2006) notes that hepatitis A is spread through poor handling of fruits and vegetables, specifically by washing the same with contaminated water before they reach the market. He suggests that it is important that consumers keep themselves well informed about any outbreaks and take precaution in a timely manner by adjusting their menu accordingly. According to him, it could be safer to avoid any fruits or vegetables involved in the outbreak than endanger one’s health by consuming contaminated food. At home, fruits and vegetables should be washed thoroughly and under running water in order to remove all dirt. In cases where fruit and vegetable washers are used, it is essential to adhere to the directions of the manufacturer in order to avoid any possible contamination. When shopping for dry foods, Watson (2001) argues that consumers should check the packaging material to ensure that it is in order. In particular, he explains that the nylon papers used for packaging as well as boxes should be well inspected to ensure that they do not have holes or openings. This is an indication that food is not contaminated as holes or other openings could serve as entrances of insects and generally germs. In addition, consumers should avoid buying dry foods that are infested by insects like weevils. These transmit diseases that are dangerous to human health. In the case of canned foods, Loken (1995) explains that care should be taken to avoid buying any cans that are defective in any way. Specifically, those with punctures or dents should be avoided at all costs as this is an indication that the food is contaminated. Consuming infected canned food can be very fatal as it may contain botulin toxin (Watson, 2001). This has a severe and fatal impact on human health as it causes paralysis. It is also important to check the cans properly on arrival at home as dents can occur during transportation. In such incidents, Andrew (2006) explains that it is better to discard them as this could be an indication of punctures which imply infection. In the home environment, Andrew (2006) points out that it is advisable to clean all surfaces used in food preparation and the kitchen as a whole after the activity. This should be done with an antibacterial cleaner in order to kill all disease causing micro organisms. In addition, the surfaces should be kept dry as wet surfaces, coupled with a warm kitchen environment provides the best conditions for micro organism breeding (Andrew, 2006). When handling meats, Loken (1995) indicates that it is advisable to freeze any that would not be consumed in a few days time. According to him, this goes a long way in avoiding chances of poisoning. In addition, he explains that before cooking any meats, it is important to inspect them fully after thawing in order to identify any signs of spoiling. Further, when cooking meats, the right temperatures should be used in order to kill any existing infectious micro organisms. Failure to do this could lead to fatal poisoning caused by the existing micro organisms (Loken, 1995). After meals, any remaining food should be frozen rather than left open even if it is meant to be used in the next meal. In many cases, persons prefer to leave the left over food from the previous meals intended to be used in the next meal in an open place. It is assumed that the period between meals is short and therefore possibility of contamination is low. However, Watson (2001) indicates that contamination can still occur within any period. The surfaces used when preparing food before cooking should also be easy to clean appropriately. It is notable that most people prefer wooden boards for chopping food and vegetables. However, these are not hygienic enough as they keep germs between the chips. It can be very difficult to clean them appropriately. Therefore, other options found on the market should be used. In cases where a dish washer is available, it should be utilized for washing utensils. Dishwashers have proved to be very effective in killing germs due to their ability to withstand very hot water. Andrew (2006) affirms that in deed, hot water is the cheapest way of killing germs and consequently, dishes washed in very hot water are likely to be germ free. In instances where one opts to dine in the restaurants, the first thing to do should be to choose a decent place. Then, when inside the restaurant, one should take note of the conduct of the staff when serving food as this often gives an insight on the general hygiene of the restaurant. If this is not satisfactory, Last (1998) explains that it is better to avoid eating in the place than risk infection. Particularly, care should be taken before consuming vegetable and fruit salads as they are the most susceptible to contamination. Restaurants on their part should ensure that any food bought is well tested before it is cooked. This is important as it helps avoid chances of cooking infected food. In addition, hospitals should also take the same precautions. Above all, Watson (2001) argues that Agricultural production in itself should be sustainable to avoid contamination at the farm level. According to him, this can be achieved if the chemicals used are suitable for Agricultural production. Harsh chemicals that are risky for human consumption should be avoided at all costs. This will help avoid the incidences of heavy metals in the vegetables and fruits. Traces of heavy metals in food have been known to cause terminal illnesses like cancer (Watson, 2001). This can be avoided if more healthy Agricultural practices are adopted. Conclusion In conclusion, all these safety measures if put in to consideration can have a positive effect on the healthcare of individuals and the society a large. Specifically, these measures are fundamental in avoiding infection as a result of consuming contaminated food. If infection is completely eliminated from food preparation and processing, then the food eaten will be safe and this has a positive impact on the health of individuals. Eating safe foods significantly reduces the incidences of disease and deaths. Since diseases cause a major setback on people’s health, elimination of the same in the society will aid in creating holistic and productive societies.