Research report Effects of Stress on the Memory of a Person

Questions: Results What were the research findings? What statistics were included in this section? Did the authors report any reliability data for their measures? What were they? Did you note construct validity in this experiment? If so, what type? (a). Describe the possible research findings and measures that would be used to assess the experimental outcomes. (b). Define the proposed statistical methods as either descriptive or inferential with a specific example that supports your choice. Discussion Did the research findings support the hypothesis? Was the research reliable? Why or why not? Did the study list any suggestions for improvement and replication? How? Write your answer with examples. (a). A discussion of any potential ethical concerns related to the experiment design. (b). A discussion of potential variables that could influence internal validity. (c). Comments about how the outcomes of this experiment would be generalized to the general population. Answers: Results What were the research findings? For analyzing the hypothesis on the effects of stress on the memory of a person it is important to understand the two perspective of hypothesis conducted for completing the research study. It is important to notice that is there any difference on the basis of procedure of conducting the test or on basis of time (Blonna, 2014). For commenting on the reliability and validity of the results of a hypothesis, it is important to understand the difference between the observations from the participants in the interview session. A self assessment test was conducted with about 20 participants and it was found that the response of the participants was different in two different sessions (CAO, LIU, TIAN GUO, 2012). In the first session the participants were full of stress and the memory of the participants did not work that much as compared to the session after the break. It was found from the experiment that the memory of the participants responded more effectively when there is less stress, i .e. after the break. As the participants got time to rest, their mind went through a restoration period and the capacity of their mind to memories the words increased. Hence, it was found from the hypothesis that a human minds works better when the stress level is low (Carmines Zeller, n.d.). What Statistics were included in this section? For conducting the research different types of participants are used, those who faces stress in their daily job. Through the research different types of variables are used that are analyzed to get the outcomes of the research (Franzen, Robbins Sawicki, 1989). These variables are of two types. One is dependent variables and the other is the independent variables. Dependable variables are different from that of independent variables because of their dependency with other variables. The variables that are directly related with stress and memory capacity are dependent variable whereas those variables which are correlated with the other variables are independent variables. Here in this hypothesis, the correlation between the dependent and the independent variables are utilized to get a huge difference in the observation of the hypothesis. These variables are compulsory for conducting a research study. The variables are collected by conducting the interview and self assessment program in which the T-test was done with the use of the variables (Kirk Miller, 1986). The variables collected can be represented in tabular format that will help the researcher in solving the research problems. Here the data that sates that the participant is able to answer how many questions and job of the participant are useful variable that helps to find the outcome of the research. Did the authors report any reliability data for their measures? What were they? Did you note construct validity in this experiment? If so, what type? Yes the author has provided reliability of data because the author has supported the data with a personal interview and self assessment session that proves the reliability of the data collected for analysis in the research study (Aven Heide, 2009). The measurement of number of words remembered by each participants, result for each session, etc. are the examples of reliability of data that is been used in the research study. The hypothesis also shows signs of construct validity because it is conducted on the basis of the personal interview and self assessment of the participants. No external source of data is been used in the hypothesis. (a). Describe the possible research findings and measures that would be used to assess the experimental outcomes. The results from the interview can be used as variables which would help in statistical analysis. Through statistical analysis the finding and measures can be utilized to get the final outcome of the research study (Koc Erdemoglu, 2010). The variables can be used to find the standard deviation to know the difference in the observation of the variables and correlation and regression to know the inter dependency of the variables. From this measures and findings the outcome of the research is obtained that shows the statistical analysis of the data. The statistical data for how many words the student remembers, stress level of the student, etc. helps the researcher to make the statistical analysis with numeric values and this further helps to find the actual outcome of the hypothesis (Sherif, 1987). (b). Define the proposed statistical methods as either descriptive or inferential with a specific example that supports your choice. Here in this hypothesis, descriptive statistical analysis is used to show the results of the findings and measures (Litwin, 1995). The analysis done explains the outcome of the report and provides enough information to know the final outcome of the hypothesis. Hence, the descriptive method is suitable in this hypothesis. This hypothesis generally depends on descriptive analysis therefore a descriptive statistical method is been used in this research study. This shows that the variables used in the hypothesis are reliable and valid because it is supported by a personal interview and self assessment of the participants (Acaroglu, Suhonen, Sendir Kaya, 2010). Discussions Did the research findings support the hypothesis? After all the research work has been done it can be said that the research findings are certainly supported the hypothesis to a great extent. After thoroughly examined of the research studies one can easily find impact of stress on the memory of human beings. As it is told in the hypothesis human brain can be certainly affected by daily life stress to a huge extent (Schubert, 2009). The memory power can be decreased if the level of stress exerted on brain is increased. For example the persons who have been working regular for about 14 to 18 hours and have lack of sleep can lose the memory power to some of extent. Was the research reliable? Why or why not? The research work which has been done is certainly reliable. As shown in the research work, human brain can react to stress. It can cause shortage of memory to those who are very busy and have lead to live stressed life for their studies or work or for some other reasons. A lot of important statistics can be obtained from this research on this particular subject such as the pattern of the memory shortage of a particular group of people who lead same sort of life and goes through the same amount of pressure. Did the study list any suggestions for improvement and replication? How? Write your answer with examples. Of course, the study indeed listed some suggestions for improvement (Liu Li, 2014). There are more scopes to ensure how human brain acts when it is gone through the stress of some variable levels. This particular study shows that more experiments should be done to determine the stress level of a human brain. It can be elaborated through the following examples. (a). A discussion of any potential ethical concerns related to the experiment design. This type of experiments should be done more and more on different type of people to understand the different reaction of human brains in different circumstances. That should enlarge the information about the behavior of human brain and the whole society should be benefited from this (Patchen, 1965). To avoid any potential ethical concerns the experiments should be monitored very carefully and one has to make sure that results are well verified before it is published publically. For the society it is very important to ensure this type of measures should be taken. (b). A discussion of potential variables that could influence internal validity. One has to keep an eye on the potential variables such as the people who are taking part in the studies as they possibly could affect the outcome of the experiment. The more the variable are the more different types of result have to be emerged (Saipanish, Lotrakul Sumrithe, 2009). Therefore the experiment should be done on the people in proper way and the observation part becomes more and more important. People is tend to get carried away in these types of experiments and thus the outcome could be different. That part should be taken under huge consideration too. (c). Comments about how the outcomes of this experiment would be generalized to the general population. After all the hard works have been done the outcomes of the particular experiment from different types of variables become more and more important. Therefore the analysis of the outcome is too much essential for the experiment (WU, 2008). Through the outcome people should able to understand how the human brain can act in certain stressful situation. People can also learn to deal with their stress if they can control their brain to some extent through practice. The people who are undecided in stress can find a way out through these types of experiments outcome to a great extent. So far it can be said that human brain can adopt itself when it comes to memory in stressful situations too if it can be trained in a proper way. References Acaroglu, R., Suhonen, R., Sendir, M., Kaya, H. (2010). Reliability and validity of Turkish version of the Individualised Care Scale.Journal Of Clinical Nursing,20(1-2), 136-145. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03468.x Aven, T., Heide, B. (2009). Reliability and validity of risk analysis.Reliability Engineering System Safety,94(11), 1862-1868. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2009.06.003 Blonna, D. (2014). Validity and reliability of the SPORTS score for shoulder instability.Jts. doi:10.11138/jts/2014.2.2.059 CAO, X., LIU, X., TIAN, L., GUO, Y. (2012). The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of nurses self-concept questionnaire.Journal Of Nursing Management,21(4), 657-667. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01419.x Carmines, E., Zeller, R.Reliability and validity assessment. Franzen, M., Robbins, D., Sawicki, R. (1989).Reliability and validity in neuropsychological assessment. New York: Plenum Press. Kirk, J., Miller, M. (1986).Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Koc, R., Erdemoglu, A. (2010). Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Self-Administered Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S-LANSS) Questionnaire.Pain Medicine,11(7), 1107-1114. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00837.x Litwin, M. (1995).How to Measure Survey Reliability and Validity. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Liu, P., Li, Z. (2014). Corrigendum to Comparison of task complexity measures for emergency operating procedures: Convergent validity and predictive validity [Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 121 (2014) 289293].Reliability Engineering System Safety,127, 97. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2014.03.002 Patchen, M. (1965).Some questionnaire measures of employee motivation and morale. [Ann Arbor]: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Saipanish, R., Lotrakul, M., Sumrithe, S. (2009). Reliability and validity of the Thai version of the WHO-Five Well-Being Index in primary care patients.Psychiatry And Clinical Neurosciences,63(2), 141-146. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01933.x Schubert, A. (2009). Validity and Reliability of Faculty Evaluations.Anesthesia Analgesia,108(6), 1992. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31819f9775 Sherif, Y. (1987). The reliability and validity of correlating human health hazards and nicotine content in cigarettes.Microelectronics Reliability,27(5), 859-865. doi:10.1016/0026-2714(87)90334-9 WU, W. (2008). Assessment of reliability and validity of food frequency questionnaire.Acad J Sec Mil Med Univ,28(5), 571-573. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1008.2008.00571.

ENERGY CONSERVATION Essays - State Functions, Heat Transfer

ENERGY CONSERVATION 1. How does the final temperature compare with the initial temperature of the hot and cold water for trial? The final temperature goes between the temperature of the hot and cold water. If the amount of the cold water is more then the amount of the hot water, then the final temperature will be closer to the temperature of cold water. If the amount of the hot water is more then the amount of the cold water, then the final temperature will be closer to the temperature of the hot water. 2. How does the energy lost by the hot water compare with the energy gained by the cold water? The energy lost by the hot water and the energy gained by the cold water are very close amounts if they both are same mass. If the amount of hot water is more then the mass of the cold water, the energy gained by the cold water will be more then the energy lost by the hot water. If the amount of cold water is more then the mass of the hot water, the energy lost by the hot water will be more then the energy gained by the cold water. 3. What happens to the amount of heat transferred as the amount of water is changed? I know that the amount of water can effect the amount of heat transferred. The amount of heat transferred increases when the amount of water increases. 4. Does your data ( energy difference ) support the law of energy? If not, why? Yes, my data support the law of energy. Conclusion What happens to hot and cold objects when they are brought together? The hot objects will lose energy and the cold object will gain energy from the hot objects. The temperature of the hot objects will go down and the temperature of the cold objects will go up when they are brought together. The final temperature will be between the temperatures of hot and cold objects. ENERGY CONSERVATION Essays - State Functions, Heat Transfer ENERGY CONSERVATION 1. How does the final temperature compare with the initial temperature of the hot and cold water for trial? The final temperature goes between the temperature of the hot and cold water. If the amount of the cold water is more then the amount of the hot water, then the final temperature will be closer to the temperature of cold water. If the amount of the hot water is more then the amount of the cold water, then the final temperature will be closer to the temperature of the hot water. 2. How does the energy lost by the hot water compare with the energy gained by the cold water? The energy lost by the hot water and the energy gained by the cold water are very close amounts if they both are same mass. If the amount of hot water is more then the mass of the cold water, the energy gained by the cold water will be more then the energy lost by the hot water. If the amount of cold water is more then the mass of the hot water, the energy lost by the hot water will be more then the energy gained by the cold water. 3. What happens to the amount of heat transferred as the amount of water is changed? I know that the amount of water can effect the amount of heat transferred. The amount of heat transferred increases when the amount of water increases. 4. Does your data ( energy difference ) support the law of energy? If not, why? Yes, my data support the law of energy. Conclusion What happens to hot and cold objects when they are brought together? The hot objects will lose energy and the cold object will gain energy from the hot objects. The temperature of the hot objects will go down and the temperature of the cold objects will go up when they are brought together. The final temperature will be between the temperatures of hot and cold objects.

Write The Topic Here When You Decide What My Proposal Will Be Talking

Write The Topic Here When You Decide What My Proposal Will Be Talking Write The Topic Here When You Decide What My Proposal Will Be Talking About – Research Proposal Example Political Party Identification: Predicting Party Affiliations based on Age and Economic Outlook. My research captures three variables used in determining the performance of the current and past ruling parties. Through the associations determined, I will develop a linear regression model based on the ages of respondents, and economic outlook over the past twelve months to determine the individual’s party affiliation. I will run correlations between each of the independent variables and the dependent to ascertain whether as postulated, older, more conservative Americans are more likely to be associated with the more conservative Republican Party; and whether either Democrats or Republicans have a more biased outlook of the economic situation in the country. Based on the outcome, it will be possible to determine which party has a higher likelihood of winning the 2016 Presidential elections based statistical evidence. The dependent variable for this research is party affiliation ( PID_X). It will be determined using respondents’ perceived economic status of the country between the time of the survey and the previous one year (ECON_ECPAST_X), which is the first independent variable for this study. Age (DEM-AGEGRP_IWDATE), the other independent variable, will serve as a moderating factor for the relationship between party affiliation and economic outlook. Hypothetically, by older people being more conservative and more pro-Republican, age could be a source of unaccounted-for bias, which advised the decision to use it as a moderating factor. This way, the bias will be eliminated, and obtain a fairer prediction of party affiliation based on economic outlook.

Operations Strategy and Timeline of Managed Project Coursework

Operations Strategy and Timeline of Managed Project - Coursework Example Starting from the last activity that is K the latest finish time calculated by adding up the earliest start time with the time taken for the activity K. Then time taken by each activity is subtracted accordingly so as to determine the latest finish time of every precedent activity. The critical path of the project is the longest path on the network or the maximum time that the project will take. In this case, the critical path would be from C to F to G to H to J to K as this path will the longest time. The time taken on the critical path will be: The activity H is the user acceptance testing which is a critical activity in this project as the activity lies on the critical path. The current length of the critical path will increase by three weeks as due to the delay of three weeks in activity H. This activity is the user acceptance testing where the user of the software make their decisions regarding acceptance of the software which shall be used for the operations managers are the next activities that are connected to Hare J i.e. implementation and K i.e. handover. The three weeks delay in activity H can be handled appropriately by shortening the times that the next activities consume. The next activities are connected with the activity H, as J is the activity where implementation of the software is done which can be set short as when the user acceptance testing takes time then the user modifications are fully understood and implemented. When the user specifications fully satisfy the implementation stage can be cut short in o rder to affirm that the critical time for the project does not exceed. The activity H lies on the critical path and the delay in this activity will cause serious troubles regarding the extension in critical time for the completion of the project.  

Project closurecompleted projects vs. terminated projects Assignment

Project closurecompleted projects vs. terminated projects - Assignment Example Closing. The project work has been completed within schedule, budget and performance parameters identified during the planning phase and the project has met its end objectives. This is also unknown as Natural Closure. A project may end prematurely because either it has not met its end objectives or is expected to fail. Another reason for closing the project could be that it is no longer aligned with corporate strategy. Termination by Extinction. The project ends prematurely because it did not meet its end objectives or was expected to fail. Another special case is referred to as â€Å"termination by murder† where the project ends suddenly due to political or accidental reasons. Termination by Integration. This is the most common and most complex method of dealing with successful projects. In this case, the output and resources of the project are distributed among the existing units of the parent organization. Termination by Starvation. This is termination of the project through budget decrements. There may be several reasons from perspective of senior management, political implications to obsolescence of the project output that may cause reduction in project budget. Procedure for closing a terminated project is similar to that of closing a successful project as it follows the same administrative closure procedure and contract closure procedure. Archibald (2003) suggest checklists as a preferred tool for terminating the project. Kerzner and Thamhain (1986) advocated listing of activities for contract administration, marketing and finance management to review process for project closing. Below is a sample check list proposed by Meredith and Mantel (1995) for terminating a project. Project closure refers to completion of all the activities across the project. This involves the procedures for verifying and documenting the project deliverables. The

Literature Review of Body Temperature Studies

Literature Review of Body Temperature Studies Literature survey Body temperature is one of the vital signs and it is a complex clinical variable, which can be captured accurately and quantitatively analysed 1-2. According to German physician Wunderlich, the normal body temperature is defined as 37 0C and fever as 38 0C 3. A healthy, resting adult human normal core body temperature is 37 0C. However body temperature is not constant and varies among individuals throughout the day, because of individuals metabolism rate, which is directly proportional to the normal core body temperature, time of a day or part of the body in which the temperature measured at, in the early morning the body temperature is lower and in late evening it is high due to after muscular activity and food intake. Body temperature also varies at different sites. In clinical practice the rectal, oral, axillary, forehead and ear are used to measure body temperature. An oral site, which is more convenient to measure temperature is at 37 0C. Axillary site is not accurate to measure the temperature, where temperature fall at least value36.4 0C is noted from this site. Generally rectal temperature is considered to be the gold standard for core body temperature and average temperature is fall at 37.60C.Being an internal core body temperature, it is least time consuming procedure. The temperature is higher than at other sites, due to the low blood flow and high isolation of the area, giving a low heat loss16. Rectal temperature measurement is unhygienic and can pose a risk of injury to the intestinal mucosa, especially in infants and in rectal surgery. It increases physical and psychological stress and can cause embarrassment, anxiety and physical discomfort17. The tympanic is a good site for non-invasive measurement of core body temperature. Howeve r care should be exercised with the different modes of operation offered.18 When summarizing studies with able or adequately able affirmation, the ambit for articulate temperature was 33.2-38.2 0C, rectal: 34.4-37.8 0C, tympanic: 35.4-37.80C. The ambit in articulatetemperature for men and women, respectively, was 35.7-37.7and 33.2-38.1 0C, in abdominal 36.7-37.5 in tympanic 35.5-37.5 and35.7-37.5 0C1. Mackowiak et al. in 1992 recorded the body temperatures of 65 men with the average value of36.8 0C (98.2 0F).4 The thermometer is one of the most attempted and trusted clinical instruments, yet surprising surround the information which it yields. The use of thermometer in clinical medicine was started in the middle of 19th century. However its understanding and significance of temperature measurement in health and diseased condition was occurred from past twenty decades 19. Thermometer is invented in seventeenth-century, it did not reach medicine until the 1870s, it was already in veterinary use because it provided an early diagnosis of the dreaded cattle plague-as discovered 100 years earlier by a French veterinary student. On the other hand the existence of fever had been recognized since 600 B.C. For most of this time, fever was believed to be beneficial, even to absurd degrees. `If there were a physician skilful1 enough to produce a fever it would be useless to seek any other remedy against disease-according to Rufus of Ephesus in A.D. 100. By the 17OOs, however, the ability of willow bark to reduce fever became known and, as ever, once an effective drug was available, excellent use was found for it. The ability to control fever fostered the belief that it ought to be controlled, or at least that it was unhelpful, without much real evidence: `The role of fever in disease remains unexplained. Fever may eventually be shown to confer a greater advantag e to the defence mechanism of the host than to the invasive properties of the microorganism19. In 1861, Carl Wunderlich was the first German physician performed the systemic measurement of human core body temperature in healthy individuals, the average reported value was 37 0C or 98.6 degree Fahrenheit. Because of his work on temperature Wunderlich is generally regarded as the father of clinical thermometry20-21. According to Wunderlich, normal body temperature lies within a range of 97.2 0F/36.2 0C to 99.5 0F/37.5 0C. Wunderlich found that the body temperature is not constant and varies in both healthy and unhealthy individuals. He wrote, The lowest point is reached in the morning hours between two and eight, and the highest in the afternoon between four. In his investigation the body temperature rises in mental exertion, constipation and urine retention.He observed that women have slightly higher body temperature than men and among age groups; older individuals have significantly lower body temperature compare to younger individuals20. Body temperature is influenced by several factors, such as diurnal variation and cellular metabolism, due to muscle activity during the day exercise and ambient temperature 22-23. Daily body temperature is not dependent on site of measurement, which is non-linear, and characterized by moment to moment complex variability 4 .The cosinor analysis of temperature variability data is well established in circadian research of body temperature rhythms, which is described in a simple cosine wave, which is typically characterized in terms of acrophase, amplitude, and mesor, where it filtered out the complex variability data4. Under natural conditions expected timing of the nadir and acrophase , value of the mesor, and amplitude of temperature rhythm was significantly different in an individual’s temperature rhythm, which will be influenced by many endogenous countenance of the environments as well as health status4. During menstrual period, there is an increase in body temperature ranging from 0.5-1.0 ° F/0.25-0.5 ° C is typically observed at or around ovulation(ref- Circannual and menstrual rhythm characteristics in manic episodes and body temperature. in note.) . Comparison of between follicular phase and the post-ovulation luteal phase, body temperature is elevated, but the amplitude of the temperature rhythm is reduced (ref- Circadian rhythms, sleep, and the menstrual cycle. In word doc.). It has been reported that the temperature in luteal stage is 0.4 0C higher than follicular stage (26 ref- in note ). (Check original ref no. in protocol.) This is mainly because of the progesterone hormone level in luteal stage and some studies proved that rise in body temperature is due to effect of progesterone hormone whereas oestrogen has lowering effect. the temperature remain elevated in luteal phase as long as the progesterone levels are increased. ( ref-29 and 33 in note.) )(check 27-28 origina l ref ) Physical fitness varies the normal body temperature; Atkinson G et al found that the physically active groups have higher amplitude of temperature than inactive groups. However the oral temperature of physically active group had lower than inactive group at 2.00 and 6.00. Rest of the time physically active group had significantly higher oral temperature than inactive group. Age has also an important role in variability of temperature. In most of the studies reported that cosinor analysis of temperature; mesor and amplitude decreases with increase in age. Gubin et al reported that normal temperature range is higher in young adults than in elders. Mesor is higher in young adults (97.5 ° F/36.38 ° C) than in elderly subjects (97.1 ° F/36.17 ° C) and amplitude was also increased in young adults than in elderly subjects. The mean circadian acrophase was similar in both age groups (17:19 versus 16:93); however, inter-individual differences were higher in the older group, with individual values varying between 10:00 and 23:00 hours (ref.-48 in note ). In another study Howell et al recorded the oral temperature using electronic thermometer in 105 females age ranges from 61-105 years and reported a group mean of 36 0C,which is significantly lower than in a younger adults.(29 in original protocol). Touitou et al, found that the daily body temperature ampl itude was decreased in the elderly subjects when compared to healthy adult individuals.(30 in original protocol). Nonlineardynamics and complexity theory appear to offer an alternative approach. Many biological structures can be regarded as natural fractals and much physiological behaviour can be explained by deterministic chaos (heart rate, bacterial population growth, hormonal secretion pulses, and epidemics. Furthermore, in many cases, pathological conditions and ageing are known to be accompanied by losses in complexity. The complexity of the temperature curve could be regularly measured in all cases. Consistent results were obtained using three entirely independent methods that measure different aspects (in two cases the dynamic behaviour, in the other the anfractuosity of the curve), with good correlation between all methods. None of the complexity measures was significantly different for the two sexes, nor were they affected by the BMI. On the other hand, all measures of complexity were inversely correlated with age. This finding is somehow coded in the temperature readings, but classical statistical indicators are not capable of bringing it to light. The finding of an inverse correlation between age and the degree of complexity of the temperature curve was likewise not unexpected. Ageing and illness are known to be accompanied by a loss of complexity in certain patterns of chaotic behaviour12. For instance; variability in heart rate decreases with age and in certain conditions is associated with a poor prognosis31. It could be argued that, as has been postulated for heart rate, body temperature is governed by several different regulatory systems (thermogenesis, vasoconstriction- vasodilatation mechanisms, sweating, breathing rate) and at the same time is subject to external factors (ambient temperature, exercise, clothing). Perhaps illness and ageing cause a certain decoupling or isolation of the thermal regulatory system from its surroundings. This in turn could result in less complexity of the temperature plot, leading to lower ApEn and FDc values and higher DFA values12. Varela et al. reported that in healthy subjects, the temperature curve behaves like a natural fractal whose complexity may be analyzed in a consistent manner. In addition, they observed that complexity decreased significantly with age. The complexity of the temperature curve is tightly inversely correlated with the severity of the patients condition. Both mean and minimum ApEn were significantly lower in patients who died than in patients who survived. Consequently one would expect to see a reduced complexity in the temperature readings of critically ill patients, the level of complexity mirroring the patients clinical evolution. In this respect, the mean ApEn value for the patient series was significantly lower than the mean ApEn for a series of 21 healthy subjects. The inverse correlation between the ApEn values and the SOFA scores in most of thein their series was likewise consistent with that premise32. In another study of Varela et al. reported that there was good correlation between complexity results and clinical scores for each patient. Non survivors exhibited lower complexity values than survivors, so low levels of complexity in the temperature curve are poor indicators  of prognosis in patients with multiple organ failure.  The predictive ability of temperature curve complexity is similar to that of the SOFA score33. Available evidence suggested that body temperature is a complex, non-linear physiological variable and has an accepted 24 hour rhythm associated with health. Body temperature is also subject to many sources of endogenous and exogenous variation4. Temperature curve analysis may provide relevant information on the aetiology of fever thus may assist in early diagnosis of disease 12. There are few cases where rectal temperature is measured intermittently using thermometer to generate fever patterns but it is a tedious procedure and has a limited usefulness in diagnosis of certain clinical conditions such as, double quotidian fever curves in diagnosis of mixed malarial infections, visceral leishmaniasis, right-sided gonococcal endocarditis and sustained fever patterns in typhoid fever 13. Musher D M et al found that the fever pattern is not likely to be helpful in diagnosis of sustained fever in Gram-negative pneumonia or in CNS damage with possible exceptions.(new ref in fever pattern). Papaioannou et al studied temperature curve complexity using wavelet transformation in 22 patients with systemic inflammation found that there is a decrease in complexity of temperature especially more in sepsis condition. They suggested that complexity analysis of temperature signals can help in assessment of inherent thermoregulatory dynamics during systemic inflammation and also can increase discriminating value in patients with infectious versus non-infectious conditions, probably associated with severity of illness. However monitoring of 24 hour ambulatory core body temperature so far has been limited and still remains obscure. Studies have shown that core body temperature is not constant, and fluctuates in different clinical conditions and in various endogenous and exogenous factors, where variability of core body temperature patterns is noted. However assessment of 24 hour core body has not been established in detail. Thus standardization of core body temperature using spectral analysis might play a significant role in clinical practice, which would potentially help us to predict clinical outcome in the early part of fever in patients and with other associated clinical conditions.

The First Battle Of Bull Run Essay -- essays research papers

THE FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN On July 21, 1861, two armies, one confederate and the other Union, prepared for the first major land battle of the Civil War. In 1861 Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President. The Southern states had seceded and the South had fired on and captured Fort Sumter on April 12 1861.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the Fort Sumter battle, both the North and the South began preparing for war by raising armies. This was done quickly and neither side spent much time training the troops. Both sides also did not know what a long and terrible war was ahead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first Battle of Bull Run took place near Manassas Junction, Virginia, an important railroad junction twenty five miles west of Washington, D.C. Bull Run Creek twisted and turned through Manassas Junction. The Shenandoah Valley, a Southern stronghold was thirty miles to the northwest of Manassas Junction. Both the Bull Run Creek and the nearby Shenandoah Valley gave the South two advantages in this battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In July 1861, tow armies faced each other in Northern Virginia. General Irvin McDowell, commander of the Union Army of the Potomac had 31,000 men in Washington. General Beauergard of the Confederate Army had 20,000 troops camped around Manassas Junction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To the north, near Harriers Ferry, Confederate General Joseph Johnston with 9,000 soldiers faced off with Union General Patterson who was dug...