Race Determining Music Preference Essay Example for Free

Race Determining Music Preference Essay Music in the United States is a reflection of the nation’s multi-ethnic population with regard to its diverse array of styles. The most famous of these genres include; rock n roll, country, rhythm blues, jazz, hip-hop. The developments of most of the genres of music began during the civil war period. During this time the roots of such popular forms like blues, gospel, jazz, as well as country took shape. In the early 20th century there forms of music emerged as the core of American popular music and later underwent evolution to such styles as rhythm and blues, rock and roll and hip-hop (Daniel Gilbert Perret, (2005). Music integrates South American social and cultural identity, entailing social class, race and ethnicity among many others. The link and co relationship between is perhaps the to potent of all the factors within the United States than any other. Race seems to the most potent determiner of musical mean within America. The evolution of the Afro American musical identity as a result of disparate sources form Africa as well as Europe has consistently been the main theme within the music domain and history in the United States. During the mid 1800s, the Afro American had developed a district folk tradition that was well-recognized and very wide spread. African American techniques, their instrumentation as well as images were integrated and became part of what was then known mainstream music. Via spirituals, slave songs as well as minstrel shows. Through jazz, rhythm and blues, and blues and later on through rock n roll, soul a swell as hip-hop. Even through all these genres were accepted and adapted by all races within the United States they were developed from an afro American styles as well as idioms before eventually setting to become very common in consumption as well as performance that had no racial boundary. Differently, country music was driven from the European and an African context as well as Hawaiian and Native American. The untied states due to her diverse culture and her propensity to taking in influences form across the globe and building characteristically new methods through which artists can culturally express themselves. Even though many aspects of the American aspects of the American music is traceable back to certain specific origins it is usually inherently difficult to put claim on any respective original culture as the source of any musical element, because of the even evolving American music through transplanting as well as techniques of hybridizations, instruments and genres (Blush, Steven (2001). Very distinctly American music stems form the cross-cultural hybridization through a very close interaction. For instance, during slavery mixed persons form various tribes in very closely enclosed living quarter resulted in a shared musical tradition that was done through an extended hybridization. The process which music was being transplanted between various cultures within the United States brought with it various implications. For example, the revival of folk during the mid 1900s appropriated the music of different village person, partially to enhance particular political causes. The use of Afro American techniques as well as images, instruments during performances by white Americans have been on the rise since the mid 1800s. The music industry in the United States has been very active with her attempts to make popular white performers of African American music due to their palatability to mainstream as well as middle class American. From this process such many stars like Benny Goodman, Eminem as well as Elvis Presley have emerged in various genres of music. The nature of folk music within the united is as varied as the nature of her multi-ethical culture. Generally, the Native Americans have each played their variety of folk music, which has basically been spiritual. In its development stage spirituals was basically expressions of religious faith, and was a common song by slaves on southern plantations. It however, spread out of the south in the late 1800s. Its diversification increased with emergence of fekleg in the early 1900s as well as the rise of the singing preachers from which the gospel type of music originated (Chase, Gilbert (2000). Blues on the other hand is conglomeration of African folk songs, shouts as well as field hollers. It emerged form the rural south during 1900-1910. It was characterized in its use of the blue scale with a flatted/in determinate third. The various ethnic communities that have migrated to the untied have managed to keep alive the folk traditions of the culture and usually providing a characteristically American styles with foreign flair. The European musical tradition was imported to the United States with the advent of the first colonialists. This classical traditional music is deeply rooted within the traditions of the European art, as well as concern music. Majorly of American tried to work entirely with their music centered on the European models until the 1800s. By early 1900s, many American composers started incorporating such disparate elements into their musical art, from the jazz and blues to the Native American music. Big corporations that produce in both small and large scale largely dominate the music industry in the untied states. Often, these companies do not appeal to large audiences, as such small companies have sprung up to fill the void left. They produce in various styles with ranging variety that appeal to very large audiences. These small firms are normally built on the foundation of a core fun base that may happen to be strategically located in one region. The largest make music industry is that centered on Latin music. This kind of music has greatly impacted on the popular American music and was a very essential component in the development of jazz music. In view of this it is sufficient to conclude that to a greater extent race has a bearing on the preference of the type of music one performs or listens to this is born out of the fact that part of a child’s development stage, the cognitive part begins to encode the mothers language from the womb until he or she reaches the external environment (Daniel G. 2005). Thus, even if there are many Americans who have crossed the racial lines as has music still the culture is a determinant the choice of music.

Corrosion Resistance of Electrodeposited Coating

Corrosion Resistance of Electrodeposited Coating Qiongyu Zhoua,b, Yadong Zhanga, Xiaofen Wanga, Hebing Wanga, Ping Oua* aSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, PR China bInstitute of Applied Physics, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Shangfang Road 108, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330029, PR China Keywords: Ni-W alloy; Composite coating; Cr2O3nano-particles; Microhardness; Corrosion resistance 1. Introduction Mild steel is a most widely-used metal materials in engineering and industrial applications due to its low price and acceptable properties [1]. However, mild steel could not be suitable served in the harsh environment because of its highly susceptible to corrosion and mediocre mechanical strengths [2]. Failures (such as corrosion or wear) often occur on the surfaces of mild steel devices [3]. Therefore, preparation of an protective coating is one of the best known methods for broadening the application fields of mild steel [4, 5]. In recent years, electrodeposition technology has been widely used because it is really a convenient, practical and inexpensive method for engineering application [6]. Numbers of metal or alloy (such as Ni [7], Zn [8], Cr [9], Ni-W [10, 11], Ni-Co [12], Zn-Ni [13] et al.) have been  electrodeposited as the protective coating on the surface of mild steel. Among these coatings, Ni-W alloy coating has drawn lots of interests as a candidate to replace hard ch romium, because of its low toxicity for aquatic species [10]. In general, the purpose of researches on electroplated Ni-W alloy coating is how to enhance their hardness and corrosion resistance. Particularly, incorporation a second ceramic particles into the growing metal or alloy matrix during the electroplating process is a effective method. The composite coatings always exhibited enhanced mechanical and corrosion properties [14-17]. For this reason, a large amount of researches have been drawn on Ni-W nanocomposite coatings (Ni-W-Al2O3[18], Ni-W-SiO2 [19],Ni-W-TiO2[20], Ni-W-diamond [21] and Ni-W-SiC[22], et. al). The ceramic particles used as the second-phase in the composite coatings, more or less, would promote the corrosion resistance, hardness or wear-resistance [23-25]. Although nano-Cr2O3 particles  have been certified as a favorable and considerable incorporated ceramic particles in Ni or Co coating [26, 27], there is no report about nano Cr2O3 particles employed in electrodeposition of Ni-W nanocomposite coatings so far. In this p aper, in order to improve the performance of Ni-W alloy coating which is know as a environment friendly protective coating with excellent for mild steel, Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating was electrodepositied in the sulfate-citric bath containing various of Cr2O3 nanoparticles for improving both its hardness and corrosion resistance. Mild steel (1-1 cm2, Q235, Baosteel Co., Ltd. in Shanghai, China) was used as cathode and a platinum plate (1-1 cm2, Xianren instrument Co., Ltd. in Shanghai, China) was employed as the anode. The mild steel was mechanically polished by 800, 1200 and 2000 grit emery-paper and then ultrasonically cleaned in acetone for 600 s. The cleaned mild steel was activated in 10% (w/v) HCl solution for 30 s and then washed with distilled water. The base consist of electrolyte solution is as follows: 26.3 g/L NiSO4 ·6H2O, 98.95 g/L Na2WO4 ·2H2O, 147.05 g/L Na3C6H5O7 ·2H2O, 26.75 g/L NH4Cl, 0.3 g/L NaBr. Before electrodeposition, nano-Cr2O3 particles was added into the electrodeposition bath and then dispersed by ultrasonic concussion (3600 s) to break up agglomerates. The electroplating current density and time were 4 A/dm2 and 1800 s. 2.2. Coatings characterization The surface morphology was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-6700F), supplied with an EDS spectrometer (Oxford Instruments, UK) for determining the chemical compositions of the coatings. The phase compositions of electrodeposited coatings were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/max-2200) with Cu KÃŽ ± radiation, operating at 40 kV and 40 mA, scanning from 20 ° to 100 ° with the step of 0.02 °. The surface microhardness ofNi-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings were measured using a microhardness tester (VH-3) at an applied load of 9.8 N for 15 s, each sample was tesetd five times for averaging. The corrosion behavior of the obtained coating was evaluated in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution by using an electrochemical workstation (CHI660E). All experiments were conducted in a conventional three-electrode cell (consisting of the electro-deposied coating as a working electrode, Pt sheet as a counter electrode and SCE as a reference electrode). The potentiodynamic polarization test (Tafel) of electro-deposied coating was tested from -800 mV to -400 mV with a scan rate of 1 mV, while mild steel was tested from -900 mV to -600 mV. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted at Ecorr, with voltage perturbation amplitude of 10 mV in the frequency range from 105 Hz to 10-2Hz. All electrochemical tests are carried out at room temperature (25 oC). 3.1 Characterization of nano-Cr2O3particles The characterization of nano-Cr2O3particles was carried out by using TEM and XRD analysis, the results are displayed in Fig. 1. It is showed that the particles are free of secondary phases except Cr2O3, which is consists of polyhedral structure with the mean diameter of about 40 nm. Inevitably, there are  some degree of agglomeration between the nano-particles. The composition of electroplated W alloy coatings can be analysed by EDS as the previous studies [28]. The W content and Cr2O3 in the electroplated coatings as a function of Cr2O3 addition in the electroplating bath are displayed in Fig. 2. The Cr2O3 content is corresponding to detected Cr element ratio in Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings. As shown in Fig. 2, with the increase of Cr2O3 concentration in electroplating bath, the Cr2O3 particles incorporated in the coating increase rapidly when the Cr2O3 concentration is low (≠¤5 g/L). While it increases gradually when the Cr2O3 concentration is in range of 10-20 g/L. A deviation from the Langmuir adsorption behavior in the high Cr2O3 concentration solution is observed, which is caused by some particles would sedimentate by gravity in hydrodynamic conditions of without agitated. In addition, the results reveal that W content corresponding decreases with the increase of Cr2O3 addition in electroplating bath. This is because that th e sufficiently high overpotentials is in favour of deposition of W atom[29]. Once the Cr2O3 nano-particles adsorbed on cathode surface, it could form as nucleation sites and accordingly reduce the overpotentials. As a result, the deposition of W atom is inhibited, while Ni itself can also be deposited from its complex with citrate[30]. Fig. 3 shows the XRD patterns of the coatings electrodeposited in the bath with and without Cr2O3 nano-particles. In the bath without Cr2O3 nano-particles (shown in Fig.3a), the pattern of obtained coating consists of a broad peak from 41 ° to 47 °, indicating the amorphous nature of the Ni-W alloy coating. The amorphous structure should be electrodeposited under the pretense of the deposition rate is high compared to the exchange rate, which implies that all metal atoms are immediately discharged once they get to cathode surface. Thus, high content of W in the alloy must be observed, which is confirmed by the EDS result (45.8 wt.%, shown in Fig 2). What more, the amorphous characteristic also can be demonstrated by the SEM micrograph of Ni-W alloy coating (Fig.4a). As the results reported in the literatures by O. Younes [30] and T. Yamasaki [31], the electrodeposited Ni-W alloy coatings presented as an amorphous state when tungsten composition ranged from 20 to 40 at.%. While th e structure of deposited would transform once the Cr2O3 nano-particles existed in the bath, Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings exhibit crystalline fcc structure of Ni-W alloy and Cr2O3 phases. The reason for this phenomenon is that the reduced overpotentials caused by the adsorbed Cr2O3 nano-particles on cathode surface would lead to deposition of crystalline phase, which is thermodynamically more stable than the amorphous phase [30]. Simultaneously, an unidentified peak at 2ÃŽ ¸Ã¢â€°Ë†41.4 is presented in the patterns of the Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings. Similar peak have been observed by I. Mizushima et. al [32] and R. JuÃ… ¡k-nas et. al [33]. The former proposed that it is the codeposition of nanocrystalline Ni(-W) and Ni-W-C phases [32]. While R. JuÃ… ¡k-nas et. al claimed this peak corresponded to NiWO4[33]. However, so far this anomalous peak remains unidentified. As the increasing of Cr2O3 nano-particles addition in solution, the intensity for diffraction peak of Ni-W (111) i ncreases and unidentified line profile decreases, indicating that grain sizes of the Ni-W crystallites increase and the unidentified phase in the composite coatings gradual reduce. Fig. 4 shows the surface morphology of the coatings electrodeposited in baths containing different amount of Cr2O3 nano-particles. In all cases, the coatings are compact, uniform and crack-free, which can provide a barrier to protect substrate material. In comparison of Ni-W coating which shows a typical amorphous characteristic which is absence of grain boundaries, Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings is consisted of irregular crystal structures, uniform distributed ultrafine Cr2O3 particles and some arresting big nodules, which is caused by Cr2O3 agglomerates codeposited with Ni-W as metal electrocrystallized. With the increase of Cr2O3addition in the solution, the Cr2O3 particles corresponding increase and the nodules trend to be unobvious. The reason may be that Cr2O3agglomerates become much more serious in the high concentration solution and then precipitate by settlement. Thus, the possibility for agglomerates absorbed on the vertically cathode surface and formation of nodules reduce during the electrodeposition process. Generally, homogeneous distribution of incorporated ceramic particles in composite coating would be benefit to enhance its properties [18]. 3.3. Microhardness The microhardnesses of Ni-W and Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings are showed in Fig. 5. Compared with Ni-W coating (687 HV0.1), Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings exhibite a considerable increase in microhardness (717~764 HV0.1). And the harness increase with the increase of Cr2O3concentration in the bath. Similar trend is usual observed in previous publication [18, 19]. The nano-particles incorporated in alloy coatings would positively contribute on the hardness by impeding the fast dislocation movement the grain boundary sliding of the matrix [19]. As a result, the hardness is direct relate to the incorporated Cr2O3particles in the coating, which increased with the Cr2O3 concentration in the bath ( as shown in Fig. 1). It is noted that the increase in hardness of the Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coating are limited when the Cr2O3 concentration in the bath increase from 10 g/L to 20 g/L. As the research published previously, both W content and incorporated nano-particles would contribute to the hard ness of W alloy coating [11, 20]. With the increase of Cr2O3 concentration in bath, the increase of Cr2O3 in electrodeposited coating would result in increased hardness, However, the promotion of hardness performance would be limited by the contrary effects of decrease of W content in electrodeposited coating. 3.4 Corrosion resistance properties The corrosion resistance of electrodeposited coating was evaluated by polarization curves and EIS, the result displayed in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, respectively. The corrosion parameters (Ecorr , icorr) extracted form polarization curves in Fig. 6 are listed in Table 1. It is revealed that both amorphous Ni-W coating and crystalline Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings show noble Ecorrcombine with low icorr compared with mild steel substrate. This means, the compact electrodeposited coatings can provide an effective protection for mild steel substrate. A passivation region (-0.55V~-0.45V) is observed in the anode area of polarization curves for Ni-W coating. Passive layer is often formed on the surface of amorphous alloy and provide protective effect for prevent further corrosion [34]. Meanwhile, the Ni-W coating show a lowest icorr in all electroplated coatings, indicating a most excellent corrosion resistance. In addition, with the increase of Cr2O3 concentration in electroplating bath, the corrosion resistance of obtainedNi-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating became better in view of a gradual increase of icorr. When the Cr2O3 concentration in the bath increased to 20 g/L, Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating show a fairly approximate icorr compare with that of Ni-W coating. The corrosion reaction and products at the electrode/electrolyte interface can be analysed by EIS measurements in conjunction with impedance fitting. Fig. 7 show Nyquist plots of mild steel and electrodeposited coatings obtained in baths with different amount of Cr2O3 nano-particles. The plots for electrodeposited coating and mild steel substrate are consist of a continuous circle arcs, meaning that aggressive ions (Cl) can not across the compact coating and only one primary interfacial reactions occured between the coating surface (or mild steel sample) and electrolyte. To model this corrosion behavior, suitable equivalent circuits showed in Fig. 8 was employed [35]. In this equivalent circuit, Rs is solution resistance, Cdl is double-layer capacitance formed in the substrate/electrolyte interface, CPE is a constant phase element for revealing the non-ideal dielectric properties of the coatings, and Rct is the charge transfer resistance of the coating (or substrate) interface, which relate to the intrinsic corrosion reaction of materials. The fitted values are listed in Table 2. As shown, Rct value of Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating electrodeposited in the bath containing 2 g/L Cr2O3is much smaller than that of Ni-W coating. This is because passive layer formed on Ni-W coating surface would prevent corrosion reaction, while no passive behavior have been observed for the crystalline Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating. What more, the Rct values of Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating increase with the increase of Cr2O3concentration in the bath, and the Rct value of Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating electrodeposited in the bath containing 2 g/L Cr2O3is quite close to the Rct value of the Ni-W coating, meaning that this Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating have an excellent corrosion resistance as amorphous Ni-W coating. Compact Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings were electrodeposited on mild steel from sulfate-citrate bath containing Cr2O3nano-particles. Compared with Ni-W coating (687 HV0.1), Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings exhibite a considerable increase in microhardness value (717~764 HV0.1). In addition, incorporation of little Cr2O3nano-particles into amorphous Ni-W coating would transform its structure to crystalline, which resulted in no passive behavior occurred on the coating surface and decrease of corrosion resistance. However, the corrosion resistance of Ni-W-Cr2O3 coating could be improved with the increase of Cr2O3concentration in the bath. Finally, a excellent Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating with approximate corrosion resistance and much higher hardness compared with Ni-W coating can be obtained in the bath containing 20 g/L Cr2O3nano-particles. This Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coating can be considered as an ideal protective coating to broaden the application of mild steel.

Introduction to Buffer Solutions

Introduction to Buffer Solutions Introduction Buffer solution is a solution consisting a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base . Furthermore they declare that buffer solutions are very essential to keep the pH value nearly constant in variety of chemical application. ( Crowe and Bradshaw 2010) Many life forms thrives only in a relatively small pH range so they utilize a buffer solution to maintain a constant pH, one common example of a buffer solution found in nature is blood. buffer solution is very vital t keep the pH at a constant value in variety of enzymes in many organisms to work this is due to different enzymes work at different prà ©cised pH. On the same way they state that if the pH range moves above or below the range, the enzymatic action either stops or can denature where there are many cases denaturation can permanently disable their catalytic activity. ( Kotz, Treichel and Townsend ,2009) Buffer of carbonic acid and bicarbonate is present in blood plasma maintain pH between 7.35 to 7.45.Over more they clarify that there are two main types of buffer system, Acid buffer system: the solution containing large amount of weak acid and its salt with strong base is termed as acidic buffer solution. pH = pKa + log [salt] / [acid] Basic buffer system: the solution containing large amount of weak base and its salt with strong acid is termed as basic buffer solution. pOH = pKb + log [salt] / [base] (Moore, Stanitski and Jurs (2009) In living organisms including human the important buffer solution to maintain the ph of the blood is bicarbonate buffering system. On the other hand they state that this bicarbonate buffer system tends to maintain relatively constant plasma pH, where carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acids which in turn rapidly dissociate to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.( Lanham et al ,2011) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3 + H+ Blood is dumped by excess hydrogen ions, some of those hydrogen ions associate with bicarbonate forming carbonic acid results in increase in acidity of the blood. As well as they elaborate that due to this incident the buffering system becomes powerful regulator of acidity by accompanying with respiratory compensation in which breathing is altered to modify the carbon dioxide in circulation which results in increase in ventilation therefore increase the loss of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. (Rhoades and Bell (2012), pH meter is a electronic device that is used to measure the ph of the solution, where a typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe connected to an electronic meter that measures and display the reading. (Kenkel,2013) Objectives To know how to prepare buffer solution. To practice again how to prepare standard solution. To know how to measure the pH using pH meter. Materials Used Electronic balance Pipette Measuring cylinder Watch glass Beaker pH meter Volumetric flask (100ml) NaHPO4 powder (0.7 g) Na2HPO4 powder (1.56 g) Sodium hydroxide pellets Ammonium chloride powder Glass rod Spatula Methodology At pH 7 NAHPO4, 0.70g and Na2HPO4, 1.56g was taken and measured using the electronic balance. Then both NAHPO4 and Na2HPO4 were mixed together into the volumetric flask. First half of the volumetric flask was filled with distilled water and dissolved by inverting. Later on the flask was filled with distilled water till it reaches the meniscus level. Finally the pH was measured. At pH 10 NH4OH NH4+ + OH; pKb = 4.74 pOH = pKb + log [NH4+] / [NH3] pKw = pH + pOH 14 = 10 + pOH pOH = 4 pOH = pKb + log [NH4+] / [NH3] 4 = 4.74 + log [NH4+] / [NH3] [NH4+] / [NH3] = 10 -0.74 = 0.181 NH4CL, 0.1m standard solution was made. Afterwards NaOH, 0.34g was measured using the electronic balance. NaOH of 0.34g was obtained by, NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O x 0.1 – x 0 x [NH4+] / [NH3] = 0.181 X = 0.085M of OH- Number of mole of NaOH = 0.085 x (100 / 1000) = 0.0085 mols Mass of NaOH = 0.0085 x 40 = 0.34g Then afterwards 0.34g of NaOH was dissolved in 0.1 M of NH4Cl to form a buffer solution. NaOH, 0.1m standard solution was made. Afterwards NaOH, 0.34g was measured using the electronic balance. NH4Cl of 0.63g was obtained by, NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O x 0.1 x – 0.1 0 0.1 [NH4+] / [NH3] = 0.181 X = 0.1181M of NH4+ Number of mole of NH4Cl = 0.1181x (100 / 1000) = 0.01181 mols Mass of NH4Cl = 0.01181 x 35 = 0.63g Then afterwards 0.63g of NH4Cl was dissolved in 0.1 M of NaOH to form a buffer solution. Later on using the pH meter the final ph of each buffer solution was measured approximately. Results Discussion / Conclusion Every precise work the pH meter should be calibrated before each measurement, at every experiment the calibration is done because the glass rode does not give reproducible electro motive force over longer periods of time. Additionally further he states that pH meter calibration should be performed with at least two standard buffer solutions that span the range of pH values to be measured. (Hauser 2001) Single measurement the probe should be rinsed with distilled water to remove any traces of solution being measured and then it should be blotted using the scientific wipe to absorb any remaining water which could dilute the sample which alters the reading. (Prichard 2003) Reference Crowe, J and Bradshaw, T (2010). Chemistry of biosciences: the essential concepts. Google Books [Online].Availableat:http://books.google.lk/books?id=onacAQAAQBAJpg=PA578dq=buffer+solutionhl=ensa=Xei=UkOuU7OtJJO78gXkvIDYDQredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=buffer%20solutionf=false(Accessed: 28 Aug 2014) Kotz, J., Treichel, P and Townsend, J (2009). Chemistry and chemistry reactivity, enhanced edition. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=IBESYmQcb0sCpg=PA851dq=buffer+solutionhl=ensa=Xei=u0CuU4PYBYS78gXVpoGIAwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=buffer%20solutionf=false (Accessed: 28 aug 2014) Moore, J., Stanitski, C and Jurs, P (2009). Principles of chemistry: the molecular science. Googke Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=ZOm8L9oCwLMCpg=PA575dq=buffer+solutionhl=ensa=Xei=u0CuU4PYBYS78gXVpoGIAwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=buffer%20solutionf=false (Accessed: 27 aug 2014) Lanham, S.A., Stear,S., Shirreffs,S and Colins, A (2011). Sports and exercise nutrition. Google Books [online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=YePJM98Np5MCpg=RA1PT115dq=blood+acting+as+bufferhl=ensa=Xei=E0KuU8ypKYb_8QWLh4G4Awredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=blood%20acting%20as%20bufferf=false (Accessed: 28 aug 2014) Rhoades, R.A and Bell, D.R (2012). Medical physiology: principles of clinical medicine. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=1kGcFOKCUzkCpg=PA457dq=blood+acting+as+bufferhl=ensa=Xei=E0KuU8ypKYb_8QWLh4G4Awredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=blood%20acting%20as%20bufferf=false (Accessed: 28 June 2014) Kenkel, J (2013). Analytical chemistry for technicians fourth edition. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=JZAAAAAAQBAJpg=PA400dq=ph+meterhl=ensa=Xei=0LOuU8T0Os7r8AWY0oHwAgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=ph%20meterf=false (Accessed: 27aug 2014) Hauser, B (2001). Drinking water chemistry: laboratory manual. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=SVxcRu68YGwCpg=PA28dq=calibration+of+ph+meterhl=ensa=Xei=lQ2wU_GhI8yB8gWx9oDAAwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=calibration%20of%20ph%20meterf=false (Accessed: 26 aug 2014) Prichard, E (2003). Measurement of pH. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=HNJy5rtJLjACpg=PA2dq=ph+meterhl=ensa=Xei=0LOuU8T0Os7r8AWY0oHwAgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=ph%20meterf=false (Accessed: 28 aug 2014)

Racism In Animated Films Essay -- Movies Film Disney

Racism in Animated Films While Disney animated films are the ideal family movies, it is undisclosed to many that such racism is being portrayed. "Rarely do we ask about the origins and intentions of the messages we encounter through mass media; sometimes we forget that [producers] have origins or intentions at all" (Lipsitz 5). The social inequality found in such popular culture can be due to several reasons. According to David Croteau and William Hoynes in Racial Crossroads, media content can be the reflection of producers, audience preference, or society in general (Croteau and Hoynes 352). In their films or other such media, producers often reflect on personal experiences. In other words, they may "draw on their own family lives for story inspiration" (Croteau and Hoynes 352). With the majority of producers being White males, especially when films were first being made and even up to this day, films reflect how they view life. "The creators of popular cultureÂ… see themselves merely creating sig ns and symbols appropriate to their audiences and to themselves" (Lipsitz 13). Disney producers simply reflect their own views on life in some manner or the views of the majority which so happens to be the White race. The white supremacy we find in the media is not reality, nor is the portrayal of various races. For the bulk of Disney's animated films, if minorities are not the villains or those of lower class and perhaps less importance, there are none being represented in the movie at all. It is classic for the hero to be a white male whereas other characters such as evil villains are of a minority race. In the happy ever after movies where the princess in distress is rescued by the handsome strong prince or male figure... ... In so saying, it is very possible for animated films to contribute to the racism lingering still in the world today. The segregation of people is never going to end completely when film producers find it necessary to separate races instead of treating all as equals. When producers depict reality, the idea of White supremacy and race separation, I assume, will diminish greatly. Works Cited Cox, Starr. "Deconstructing the Mouse: Disney and Racism." . 19 November 2005. Croteau, David, and William Hoynes. "Social Inequality and Media Representation." Racial Crossroads. Ed. Yolanda Flores Niemann. Dubuque: Prentice Hall, 2005: 349-379. Lipsitz, George. "Popular Culture: This Ain't No Sideshow." Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: 3-20. Maio, Kathy. "Women, Race & Culture in Disney's movies." The New Internationalist. . 19 June 1999.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The corruption of the American Dream The Great Gatsby takes place during the 1920's and it is a time when the old values and the new are in a battle with one another. The Great Gatsby has characters who believe in the American dream and those who are corrupting the dream in prosuit of wealth and personal gain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character, Nick is the perfect example of those with the faith in the existence of the dream. He is part of the group who believes in the old values and the belief that ones own hard work will at the end deliver rewards. He comes east to experience the new and exciting world of New York, yet he does not seem to belong to this part of the world. He although comes form a wealthy family chooses to make his own fortune He ' All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if they were choosing a prep-school for me and finally said 'Why—ye-es'; with very grave, hesitant faces.';(P.7) One the other hands though, Jay Gatsby is the dream killer who is involved with men like Meyer Wolfsheim. Wolfsheim was the man responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series. Gatsby has committed crimes in order to win love of Daisy. It is strange that Nick a man who despises men like Gatsby at the same time admires him. '…It is what prayed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.'; (P.6-7) Daisy and Jordan are also characters who contribute in the corruption of the dream. Jordan is the dishonest golfer and opportunist who will do whatever it takes to be successful. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers The corruption of the American Dream The Great Gatsby takes place during the 1920's and it is a time when the old values and the new are in a battle with one another. The Great Gatsby has characters who believe in the American dream and those who are corrupting the dream in prosuit of wealth and personal gain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character, Nick is the perfect example of those with the faith in the existence of the dream. He is part of the group who believes in the old values and the belief that ones own hard work will at the end deliver rewards. He comes east to experience the new and exciting world of New York, yet he does not seem to belong to this part of the world. He although comes form a wealthy family chooses to make his own fortune He ' All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if they were choosing a prep-school for me and finally said 'Why—ye-es'; with very grave, hesitant faces.';(P.7) One the other hands though, Jay Gatsby is the dream killer who is involved with men like Meyer Wolfsheim. Wolfsheim was the man responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series. Gatsby has committed crimes in order to win love of Daisy. It is strange that Nick a man who despises men like Gatsby at the same time admires him. '…It is what prayed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.'; (P.6-7) Daisy and Jordan are also characters who contribute in the corruption of the dream. Jordan is the dishonest golfer and opportunist who will do whatever it takes to be successful.

BIMS Case Study

The Ballard Integrated Managed Services, Inc. (BIMS) employs a total of 452, of which 409 employees are deployed on a contract-based engagement for providing food and hospitality services to Douglas Medical Center (DMC). The performance of BIMS field personnel has eventually deteriorated and attributed to the sudden increase of operating cost at a rate of 74 percent, divergent to the usual 50-60 percent turnover in the previous months. The disturbing situation has called the attention of BIMS General Manager Barbara Tucker and tasked Human Resource Manager Debra Horner to conduct an initial finding.In this paper, the case study of BIMS will be discussed to examine the overall situation of the workplace, such as the existing problem, underlying causes and development, resolution and procedure, interested parties and challenges to the management. Situational background and description Based on the case review, correlating the question why does the problem exist could be attributed by t he â€Å"low-competencies from managerial to rank-and-file positions†.The managers and supervisors of food catering, housekeeping and maintenance divisions are unaware or misinformed of the prevailing situation on the increase of operating cost at 74 percent from the standard industry cost between 50 to 60 percent. As found, the problem developed upon irregular performance of personnel, such as the higher occurrences of sick leave and dawdling at work that brought about complaints of DMC on sloppiness of BIMS personnel services.Accordingly, an employee survey has been conducted by BIMS HR Manager to evaluate the underlying causes and development of problems, purposely to resolve the problem prior to initial inclination of replacing the personnel. About 78 respondents have participated on the initially conducted survey, representing 17. 3 percent of the overall targeted personnel. Illustrated below was the survey tool: Source: School of Advanced Studies, Pearson Custom Publish ing (2004)The challenge to finding the causes of problems and its resolution has been devised by the HRM through the above illustrated survey tool, primarily reconsidering the employees to convey their views, such as cited on (1) work condition, (2) shift scheduling, (3) skills training, (4) compensation, (5) communication and information, and (7) job security (School of Advanced Studies; in Pearson Publishing, 2004). Evidently, the management itself is the majority stakeholder to meeting the challenging situation of change in the performance of the workforce in order to resolve the issues.Thus, the result of the survey is significant to meeting the challenges. Problem Statement It is known that there are major gaps affecting the work performance of BIMS personnel. The problem is primarily attributed by the issue of unfair compensation and secondarily attributed by weak communication between the employees and the management. This problem statement can be well presented based on the result of survey as illustrated below: Source: Author’s own (2009)As indicated in the illustration above, â€Å"Question #6† obtained 19 respondents with negative responses and â€Å"0† respondents have ever positively responded, similar to â€Å"Question #9† that obtained 17 negative responses and retained â€Å"0† positive results. Therefore, the problem statement relating the â€Å"inferior performance† of the employees must be significantly addressed by the management with reference to the result of primary and secondary issues affecting the problem. Further findings have found the â€Å"range of points† from positive to negative responses of respondents.It shows that the internal or organizational problem is well expressed on the point-to-point responses from â€Å"1 to 5 scoring†. On the other hand, the scoring between 2, 3 and 4 also indicates the relevance of negative responses away from being positive, manifesting that the problems are causal to the dispensation of management, in which is exhibited by the illustration below: Source: Author’s own (2009) The point-to-point scoring from 1 to 5 exhibits the range of responses between 95 (negative) and 163 (positive).It is noticeable that the scoring between positive and negative has a very significant gap or distant difference. As indicated by the â€Å"Median Points between 2, 3 and 4†, the range of points can be noticed to be far different to obtaining positive responses, wherein illustration above has indicated the gaps of scoring at 232, 148 and 113. In sum, the positive responses representing a total of 95 are far distant even from the scoring at median points, of which capsulate the finding of significant problem.

American Popular Culture – Essay

American Popular Culture Leonel Gutierrez SOC/ 105 September 11, 2012 Gregory Shrout American Popular Culture Our communities are built on a foundation whose culture we build. Through our culture, we define who we are as individuals and how our societies influence our communities. American popular culture has a great influence on our personal decisions and is a very important aspect of our lifestyle. Through television, magazines, newspapers, music, sports and countless other sources, we learn a culture that create who we are and what we decide. One way to resolve this seeming dilemma is to think of culture in an anthropological sense, as the distinct practices, artifacts, institutions, customs, and values of a particular social group† (Petracca, 2007). Undoubtedly, we all practice different ways to assume a culture. Through generations, we learn the different aspects that make up who we are. As children some us learn how to play sports and implement that into our daily habits. Kicking a ball becomes part of daily routine and soccer becomes part of who we are and what we share with that community.Perhaps going to church is part of our social normality. The qualities learned by attending that community helps us obtain our values as a person, developing who we are. Culture is much more than just a practice, it’s an illustration of who we are, where we belong to. Whether it’s part of a soccer club whose reputation we hold dearly and work daily to win for, or a religion whose practices and laws we follow to make up our values and feel our sense of purpose. Popular culture encompasses the most immediate and contemporary elements in our lives—elements which are often subject to rapid changes in a highly technological world in which people are brought closer and closer by the ubiquitous mass media† (Petracca, 2007). American popular culture consist of the different customs, communities and values that make up the different trends that exist through the mass of the population, driven through the media. When we refer to what is popular among Americans, we have to involve the medias influence.The common popular culture results from television, music, sports and many other significant media driven influences. Television has one of the biggest influences that create what is â€Å"popular† among people. Through commercials, in many cases with popular athletes, the media sends messages to the general public, which directly influence each person individually. An athlete, like Derrick Rose drinking a popular beverage like Gatorade or Eli and Peyton Manning representing Direct TV as their choice of network, has a direct influence on what we drink or what network we chose to what Television with.People see their favorite athletes representing these different brands and taking part in commercials and make decisions based on that message by the media. Another popular trend in today’s American popular culture is our fashion influence. Kim Kardashian is a big fashion influence in this day in age and has captured the hearts of many young women. Without a doubt, she’s a role model for todays fashion sense in our female youth. Many females want to dress in the same clothes, style their hair the same way, fix their makeup to reflect what she does.Kim Kardashian has become an icon whose media influence has developed habits worldwide. Women have adopted her style, sometimes even her values and show in today’s female youth. In addition, music is indeed another big influence among the popular culture. Rick Ross will tell you that he’s a â€Å"Boss† and show off his thousand-dollar jewelry, fancy cars and million dollar homes. After the bright camera lights turn off and the thundering bass amplifying through the speakers dies out, we’re left with the message brought behind the music. How many people can afford all these material things? Only a selected few I would s ay.Although this is the case, you see many people out there buying expensive cars on credit, maxing out their paychecks to maybe try to be a â€Å"Boss† while all their saving seize to exist. Although we may not put much thought into the decisions we make on a daily basis, American popular culture directly influences what we chose to be part of our lives. What we see on televisions, read in newspapers, hear through the music we listen to, directly reflect the medias influence towards every person individually. Whether it’s the television network we chose, the music we listen to or the clothes we chose to wear, we are a product of those nfluences and are the make up of our community and social normality. References Petracca, (2007) stated, â€Å"One way to resolve this seeming dilemma is to think of culture in an anthropological sense, as the distinct practices, artifacts, institutions, customs, and values of a particular social group† (p2). Petracca, (2007) stat ed, â€Å"Popular culture encompasses the most immediate and contemporary elements in our lives—elements which are often subject to rapid changes in a highly technological world in which people are brought closer and closer by the ubiquitous mass media† (p2).